Scotland’s Medieval Queens

Guest Post: Margaret More Roper by Aimee Fleming

Sharon Bennett Connolly3 Comments

Today, it is a pleasure to welcome Aimee Fleming to History…the Interesting Bits. Aimee’s first book, The Female Tudor Scholar and Writer: The Life and Times of Margaret More Roper came out earlier this year. Now, Margaret Roper, the daughter of Sir Thomas More, did appear in my own Heroines of the Tudor World, as a true Literary Heroine, but Aimee covers her in much greater detail. She is a fascinating character and it is about time that this remarkable woman gets her own biography.

So, I will leave it to Aimee to give you an introduction….

Margaret More Roper

Margaret More Roper is mostly known simply for being the eldest daughter of the stateman Sir Thomas More, and his influence on her is undeniable. However, she, alongside the rest of her extensive family, was important as an individual and for an array of different reasons.  

    Her Education

    Margaret Roper

    Thomas More, unusually for the time, insisted that his whole family received an education in a wide range of subjects. The range was far wider that traditionally given, and saw all of the children, including the girls, learn about classics, languages, and other subjects, in what came to be known as ‘The More School’. From the age of six or seven, when it was normal for the children to start their education, Margaret and her siblings were taught by tutors and others who came into the house and it was all overseen and coordinated by Thomas himself.

    Margaret was the eldest, and from an early age she showed an aptitude for learning; for languages and for writing generally. However, all the girls all learned mathematics and there are references to Margaret Giggs, the ward of the More family who grew up alongside Margaret and her sisters, having a ‘algorism stone’ for use in mathematical calculations. Astronomy was a particularly popular subject for the girls and in a letter home, Thomas writes about how they,

    ‘…are so far advances in that science that you can point out the pole-star or the dog star or any of the constellations.’

    The example set by the More school would go on to influence several other families who would loom large in Tudor history. The Grey sisters (one of whom was Queen Jane) and the Cooke sisters, and also Katherine Parr, Henry VIII’s sixth Queen, would all receive a broader education that women had traditionally done beforehand. Even Henry VIII himself was convinced by his friend’s activities and gave Princesses Mary and Elizabeth and education in the same fashion. All of this was influenced by what was seen of the More sisters, particularly Margaret.

    Her Writing

    Sir Thomas More his father his household and his descendants by Rowland Lockey after Hans Holbein the Younger

    Margaret’s example particularly came to the fore as she got older and began to build a reputation through her scholarly work. In 1524 she translated and then published her ‘Devout Treatise on the Paternoster’, a translation of Erasmus’s Precatio Domenica, a study of the Lord’s Prayer.

    While Margaret’s name does not appear overtly on the cover her identity was simple to figure out for those who were familiar with Sir Thomas and his family. The cover reads,

    ‘A devout treatise upon the Paternoster made fyrst in latyn by the moost famous doctour mayster Erasmus Roterodamus and tourned into englisshe by a young vertuous and well lerned gentylwoman of nineteen yere of age.’

    The inclusion of details such as her age and other references to her perceived virtuousness, give us an insight into how Margaret was viewed, or wanted to be viewed, for her work. As much as Margaret may have tried to keep her identity away from the work, the Devout Treatise was the first work of this kind published by any woman, and this alone means that Margaret had broken new ground for Tudor women once again.

    Her Loyalty

    Sir Thomas More and his Daughter by Herbert John Rogers

    Perhaps though Margaret is best known for her devotion to her father, and his to her. He referred to her as his ‘Meg’ in their letters to one another, and he wrote constantly while he travelled around Europe while working for King Henry VIII, and also while he was imprisoned in the tower.

    While her was in the tower she wrote often to him, but also acted as his advocate, negotiating to make his conditions more comfortable, ensuring he had his books and writing things, as well as better food and access to doctors when he was ill. During his imprisonment it was Margaret who visited him often and helped him to write down his version of events.

    After his death her dedication to him continued when she retrieved his head from it’s spike on London Bridge. This was at great personal risk and when it was discovered that she had done this, she was brought to appear before the king’s council. According to Thomas Stapleton she defended herself by saying that she,

    ‘had saved her father’s head from being devoured by the fishes and with the intention of burying it.’

    When Margaret died the head was to be buried with her, and she eventually was laid to rest, next to her husband William, in the Roper family crypt in St Dunstan’s Church in Canterbury. In this crypt there is also a head, encased in lead, that is believed to be the head of Sir Thomas More.

    Her Legacy

    Sir Thomas More

    Sir Thomas’s head was not the only thing that Margaret preserved, as after his death she worked to collect and save her father’s work, letters and even some of his belongings. After Margaret’s death in 1544, the collections she had managed to bring together was broken up in an attempt to protect her family from persecution, or even prosecution, for having artefacts belonging to Sir Thomas, a traitor.

    However, this collection of work was then used, first by William Roper to write his biography of Sir Thomas More titled ‘A Man of Singular Virtue’. This was the first time Sir Thomas’s life story was written down and in order to write it he referred to the letters, books and documents that his wife had so meticulously curated.

    Historians and writers that have followed since have also relied on the same letters and books in order to write and learn about Sir Thomas and the wider world of the Tudor court. None of this research would have been possible had Margaret not worked so hard to preserve her father’s legacy for the generations to come. Without Margaret’s devotion our knowledge of the Tudor world would be severely diminished.

    While Margaret can often be overshadowed by her father, or portrayed merely as his loyal, devoted daughter, I believe she deserves a great deal more credit and attention. Her abilities, natural intellect, loyalty and bravery should not be underestimated in their important, and certainly not forgotten.

    About the author:

    Aimee Fleming is a historian and author from North Yorkshire. She is happily married, with three growing boys and a whole host of pets. She studied history at the University of Wales, Bangor and then later completed a masters in Early Modern History at the University of York as a mature student. She has a passion for history, particularly the Tudors, and worked for over a decade in the heritage industry in a wide variety of roles and historic places.

    Website: https://historyaimee.wordpress.com/; Social Media – On Threads, Blue Sky and Instagram: @historyaimee.

    Book link: https://mybook.to/FemaleTudorScholar

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    My Books:

    Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

    Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens

    Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.

    Available for pre-order now.

    Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:

    Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon. 

    Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, and Bookshop.org. Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword, Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon,  Amberley Publishing, and Bookshop.org.

    Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.

    Podcast:

    Have a listen to the A Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved. Our latest episode is a fascinating discussion with Dr Ian Mortimer about the speed of travel and communications in medieval times. Definitely worth a listen!

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    Don’t forget! Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

    For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.

    You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter, Threads, Bluesky and Instagram.

    ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS

    The Works of Marie de France

    Sharon Bennett Connolly9 Comments
    Marie de France from an illuminated manuscript

    If you have visited the British Library’s latest exhibition, Medieval Women: In Their Own Words, you may have spotted the work of Marie de France. Marie was a poet in the late 12th century, who wrote three major works that can be definitively attributed to her, even though we don’t know who she was. All that is left of Marie is her work, and the vague notion that she comes from France, because she wrote in her Fables ‘Marie ai num, si sui de France’.1 The traditional view is that Marie was a Frenchwoman writing at the court of Henry II of England based on the fact that if she was writing in France, she wouldn’t have to say that she was from that country. However, France in the 12th century was far from one unified, indivisible country. In fact, it was a series of counties and duchies with their own rulers, who paid homage to the King of France; the French king’s own domains at the time were the Île-de- France, which incorporated Paris and its environs.

    Another argument for Marie writing in England, is that her lais, her poetic verses, were dedicated to a ‘noble reis’, or ‘noble king’, and this is thought to be Henry II of England. However, it could just as easily been intended for Louis VII of France, or his son Philip II Augustus. In turn the Fables, an adaptation of Aesop’s Fables, were dedicated to a nobleman she identifies as ‘Count William’. There were several earls in England at the time who were named William, including William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke; William Longspée, Earl of Salisbury; and William Mandeville, Earl of Essex; or even the son of King Stephen, William of Blois, Earl of Warenne and Surrey. However, William was a common name at the time, even on the Continent, where you could find many a Guillaume.

    Everything we think we know about who Marie was is pure conjecture. It has even been suggested that she was the illegitimate daughter of Geoffrey of Anjou, father of Henry II, and therefore a half-sister of Henry. She has also been variously identified as a nun at Reading Abbey, the abbess of Shaftesbury between 1181 and 1216, and Marie de Meulan, wife of Hugh Talbot of Cleuville.2 We do know that Marie had a knowledge of Latin and English, and a familiarity with the works of Ovid and Wace’s Brut, and wrote in an Anglo-Norman French.

    “Marie de France presents her book of poems to Henry II of England” by Charles Abraham Chasselat

    Her works have been dated to the second half of the 12th century, with her poetry, the lais, dating between 1160 and 1199, the Fables between 1160 and 1190, and her last work, the Espurgatoire, has been dated to after 1189 and possibly as late as 1215.3 L’Espurgatoire Seint Patriz (The Purgatory of St Patrick) is believed to have been written after 1189 as it appears to have been heavily reliant on the Latin text of Henry of Saltrey as her source, which was published around 1185. L’Espurgatoire is dedicated to ‘H. abbot of Sartis’, who may have been Hugh, Abbot of Wardon Abbey, in Bedfordshire, between 1173 and 1185 or 1186; the abbey was originally named St Mary de Sartis.4 The only surviving manuscript of this treatise is now stored in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.

    The lais were a series of twelve poems, many of which were drawn from Celtic legends. Only one is based on Arthurian legends, specifically the story of the lovers, Tristan and Iseult. Many of the lais were translated into Old Norse in the 13th century, while two, Lanval and Le Fresne were translated and adapted into Middle English in the 14th century. The lais were narratives, written in verse and intended to be set to music. One such included the lines; ‘when a good thing is well known, it flowers for the first time, and when it is praised by many, its flowers have blossomed.’5

    Marie’s stories included fairy mistresses, twins separated at birth, and one relating the troubles of the wife of a werewolf. Her lais explored love and conflicting loyalties; they dealt with the issues of courtly behaviour and documented the struggles to fulfil the conflicting aims of individual needs and cultural expectations. They varied in length, with the shortest, Chevrefoil, having 118 lines and the longest, Eliduc, comprising 1,184 lines; this last was the story of a wife having to adapt when her husband brings home a second wife.

    The Woman and the Wolf in Marie de France’s “Bisclavret”

    Marie’s collection of Fables, known as Ysopets in French and written for the mysterious ‘Count William’, are based on the older Aesop’s Fables, from antiquity, but she also adapted and added to the original stories. The Fables, a rhyming collection of works, demonstrate Marie’s concern for the well-being of the lower classes and the poor, criticising the political and social conditions of the time. Her work was widely read and influential; the fable Del cok e del gupil (The Cock and the Fox) is one of the inspirations for Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Nun’s Priest’s Tale, written in the 15th century. Marie ends The Fables with an epilogue, in which she includes a plea to be remembered,

    To end these tales I’ve here narrated
    And into Romance tongue translate,
    I’ll give my name for memory:
    I am from France, my name’s Marie.
    And it may hap that many a clerk
    Will claim as his what is my work.
    But such pronouncements I want not!
    It’s folly to become forgot!6

    Wherever she came from, geographically and socially, Marie de France was a keen observer of the social undercurrents of the time, incorporating them into her Lais and Fables. And we cannot say for certain that her work was produced in England, at the English court. With the Anglo-Norman empire stretching from the borders of Scotland to the borders of Spain she may have travelled within Henry II’s domains, but not necessarily with the court. Although we have few clues to her identity and origins, at least we have her works – her poetry through which she has lived on for more than eight centuries.

    Notes:

    1. ‘My name is Marie and I am from France’, quoted in Rethinking Marie by Dinah Hazell; 2. Marie (fl. c.1180–c.1189) (article) by Tony Hunt; 3. Rethinking Marie by Dinah Hazell 4. Marie (fl. c.1180–c.1189) (article) by Tony Hunt; 5. The Plantagenet Chronicles edited by Elizabeth Hallam; 6. Translated from; ‘Al finement de cest escrit, Que en romanz ai treité e dit, Me numerai pur remembrance: Marie ai num, si sui de France. Put cel ester que clerc plusur Prendreient sur eus mun labur. No voil que nul sur li le die! E il fet que fol ki sei ublie!’ Taken from Marie de France: Fables, edited and translated by Harriet Spiegel.

    Images: Courtesy of Wikipedia

      Sources:

      Marie de France: Fables, edited and translated by Harriet Spiegel; Dinah Hazell, Rethinking Marie, (article) sfsu.edu; Tony Hunt, Marie (fl. c.1180–c.1189) (article), ODNB; Elizabeth Hallam, editor, The Plantagenet Chronicles;  The Plantagenets, the Kings who Made England by Dan Jones; History Today Companion to British History Edited by Juliet Gardiner and Neil Wenborn; he Plantagenets, the Kings that made Britain by Derek Wilson; England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings  by Robert Bartlett; Roy Strong The Story of Britain.

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      My Books:

      Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

      Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens

      Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.

      Available for pre-order now.

      Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:

      Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon. 

      Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, and Bookshop.org. Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword, Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon,  Amberley Publishing, and Bookshop.org.

      Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.

      Podcast:

      Have a listen to the A Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved.

      *

      Don’t forget! Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

      For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.

      You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter, Threads, Bluesky and Instagram.

      ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS

      Book Corner: Sun Ascendant by C.F. Dunn

      Sharon Bennett ConnollyLeave a comment

      Two men. One woman. And a lie.

      Strong-willed and single-minded, young Isobel Fenton is determined that nothing will separate her from her beloved manor of Beaumancote; but as unseen witness to a summary execution, she is propelled into a world of personal feud and national politics as the houses of York and Lancaster threaten to tear the country apart. Now unwilling mistress of the formidable Earl, Isobel despairs of ever being free to follow her own heart. But events take a sinister turn, and as the Earl of Warwick and King Edward IV vie for power, Isobel must face her own battle for survival. What is the bitter Countess prepared to do to be rid of her rival? And divided by love and loyalty, how will Isobel contend with the decaying relationship of the two brothers who seek her love? 

      This year I have had the pleasure of reading two books by C.F Dunn, the first two books of a series entitled The Tarnished Crown. And what a treat it was!

      In Wheel of Fortune, C.F. Dunn made a fabulous start to what promises to be an interesting series set towards the end of the Wars of the Roses. Wheel of Fortune traced the life of Isobel Fenton during the tumultuous events of 1469, when King Edward IV is embroiled in a power struggle with Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. Isobel herself has her life turned upside down by the death of her father, when she is forced to leave her manor and live under the protection of the local earl, at Tickhill Castle. As a South Yorkshire lass, it took me a while to get used the book being set around an area I know so well, with a fictional earl in residence at Tickhill Castle. But once the book draws you in, you stop thinking about what you know and start caring about those lives within the walls of the famous landmark. The story is intriguing and has many twists and turns. Most of the characters are fictional, dropped into the existing history, though Richard, Duke of Gloucester puts in an appearance once in a while.

      Sun Ascendant continues the story against the backdrop of the political crisis that, literally, split Edward IV’s reign in two. Edward IV’s falling out with the Kingmaker – Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick – led to him losing the throne and the readeption of Henry VI, though only for a short time. It was one of the most dramatic and violent periods of the Wars of the Roses.

      Living in Tickhill Castle, in Yorkshire, Isobel Fenton is far from the fighting, but not the political wranglings and machinations. And Isobel had her own wars to fight. Forced to become the earl’s mistress, she has to navigate the family dynamic and atmosphere instigated by her nemesis, the Countess. Sun Ascendant clearly demonstrates how women are not immune to a form of domestic warfare – nor to the shifting political landscape.

      Isobel removed the chess pieces and selected the discs of green and white bone. “Will you be away long, my lord?”

      “Ah, is that why you are quiet?” Taking the green counters, he began laying them on his side of the board. “I must see to the affairs of my estates, and I will be paying a visit to your own manors to ensure their security. His Grace will also expect me at Court. But I should be back for Margaret’s wedding, and that is nigh on six weeks from now.” He mistook her silence for regret. “I would take you with me, but the days in the saddle are long and I ride hard. Estate business makes for a poor companion, Isobel; you must remember when it took your father from home.”

      She nodded, but she had had her servant Buena and Alfred her dog, and her garden and own things around her. And no Countess to avoid. Talking of whom… “My lord, might I be permitted to see Lady Margaret before she weds?”

      He finished setting up the counters and sat back with his fingers interlaced over his stomach, watching her place her last piece. “You know that is not possible.”

      “I know that I am not permitted, but that is not the same.”

      “Nonetheless.” His fingers jerked restlessly. “Why is it so important that you see her?”

      “I would like to know whether she has kept up with her Latin studies…” He raised a brow, so obviously wasn’t taken in by that. She tried again. “She is so young. She is not ready for marriage.”

      “She is prepared; she knows her duty as a wife and will be obedient. More so than you,” he added, in an attempt to lighten her mood. She responded with a barely constrained huff. Why did men have to be so blind? Or was it that they knew, but chose not to see?

      “My lord, I am not speaking of saying ‘yea‘ or ‘nay‘ to her husband, but of those other… duties men expect. She is still a girl in a child’s body, and he is such an old cog… I mean,” she amended hastily, “Lady Margaret is delicate in her manner, and he is… not.”

      Sun Ascendant by C.F. Dunn is not always comfortable reading. It brings home the truth of how powerless women could be – and how women could so easily be blamed for the violence committed against them. It also demonstrates how women can come to accept that violence and even empathise with their tormentor. It makes you think of the dynamics and complications involved in a controlling relationship – especially where the women can see no way out. She feels – and is – powerless.

      The setting is perfect. And C.F. Dunn has certainly done her research of the area in which the story is set, South Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire. This is my home turf; I grew up in South Yorkshire and now live a stone’s throw from North Lincs. One part of me – the Yorkshire lass – was trying to catch the author out in her portrayal of the landscape, Tickhill Castle and the Isle of Axholme. But I failed. I was impressed with Dunn’s ability to find alternative routes into Doncaster and her use of the abbeys, priories and ferries in the area, to get friend and foe alike to where they needed to go. I was disappointed no one stopped at Conisbrough Castle for refreshments- but maybe in the next book?

      In Sun Ascendant, C.F. Dunn has written a masterpiece that puts a fictional earl at the heart of the Wars of the Roses, while being the cause of drama and strife at home.

      All in all, Sun Ascendant is a fascinating, captivating novel that will enthrall the reader, taking them through the full range of emotions. You will get angry, worried, nervous for the fate of the characters. And you will cry. And you will spend days – weeks, even – thinking about the book long after you have finished it.

      I just hope it is not too long a wait to the next instalment….

      To Buy the Books:

      Sun Ascendant by C.F. Dunn is available in paperback from Amazon

      Wheel of Fortune, Book 1 in The Tarnished Crown series, is also available in paperback and on Kindle from Amazon. In fact, it’s only 99p on Kindle currently – so the perfect time to give these books a go!

      About the Author:

      C.F. Dunn is an award-winning novelist of history, mystery and suspense. Studying medieval history at university, C.F. Dunn has always been acutely aware of the impact of the past. Vibrant characters and meticulous research seamlessly weave threads of history to bring an authenticity to her richly-hued, suspenseful stories of intense love, loyalty and treachery. She has previously published The Secret of the Journal, an award-winning series of 5 suspense novels. Now living in the South West of England, her love of history is equalled only by her delight in the natural world and the unruly sea by which she lives with her family in suitably rambling historic surroundings.

      *

      My Books:

      Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

      Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens

      Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.

      Available for pre-order now.

      Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:

      Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon. 

      Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, and Bookshop.org. Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword, Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon,  Amberley Publishing, and Bookshop.org.

      Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.

      Podcast:

      Have a listen to the A Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved.

      *

      Don’t forget! Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

      For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.

      You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter, Threads, Bluesky and Instagram.

      ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS

      Guest Post: Nameless Not Faceless by Virginia Crow

      Sharon Bennett ConnollyLeave a comment

      Today, it is a pleasure to welcome my friend and colleague at Historical Writers Forum, Virginia Crow, to History…the Interesting Bits to talk about her contribution to the latest Historical Writers Forum Anthology, To Wear A Heart So White: An Anthology of Historical Short Stories About Crime and Punishment.

      Nameless Not Faceless: The Possible Lives of the Bocksten Man

      The remains of the Bocksten Man

      I love a mystery. Right from childhood, I’ve been fascinated by the things we do not – and cannot – know. The quest for knowledge is human nature, but it can only be maintained so long as the unknown exists. Sometimes, this is frustrating, other times it is tantalising.

      Cue: one such example…

      Usually in history we know the names of people whose appearances we are left to imagine based on contemporaneous portraits or remarks made about them. But, when I discovered the story of The Bocksten Man, this was turned on its head. Here was a man who – through the wonders of forensic archaeology – we knew almost exactly what he looked like, and yet we have no idea what his name was.

      My imagination was piqued!

      Aside from his appearance, the one thing we do know for certain is that someone – or most likely more than one person – really didn’t like him. Aside from the blow to his head, which almost certainly killed him, he was pegged down at the bottom of the lake by two shafts, including one through the heart. It is this act which led this nameless man to become something of a celebrity 700 years later.

      There are as many theories as there are theorists about who he was and why he was executed in such a way. Many of these ideas have him being a criminal, no doubt seeing it as easier to accept that he merited such an end, or as a sorcerer on a charge of witchcraft. Both these seem unlikely to me, as he was clearly well-cared for and appears to have had all the benefits of a backing from the Roman Catholic church. The only theory which stars him as an antagonist which I deem likely (just playing a game of probability, here!) is that he was discovered to be a charlatan, concealing himself behind stolen or falsely-gained clothing and belongings.

      The reconstruction of the Bocksten Man

      But I did not like the thought of him going to this watery grave without having someone to speak for him, albeit a few centuries too late. I’m a sucker for an underdog, and it was time to help him emerge from the shame of some of these theories. This is where his nameless status became a very handy tool. Usually I dislike writing real historical figures as so many people have preconceived ideas about them, so I have to invent my own characters to brush shoulders with the greats of history, tucking them in to various mysteries throughout the ages. But The Bocksten Man was the perfect balance between reality and possibility. How could any writer resist?

      I’m not going to tell you the story I created for him – you’ll have to read it in the anthology! – but I would love to know your theories about him. Better still, write him as you think he would have been. Whoever he was, he had an adventure, and isn’t that what we all look for in our stories? A fellow author wrote to me and said: you’ve got to love a bog body, and he was absolutely right!

      You can find out all about The Bocksten Man through the Halland Kulturhistoriska Museum: https://museumhalland.se/en/the-bocksten-man/

      Images:

      The Remains of The Bocksten Man (Peter Lindberg, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0, via Wikimedia Commons); The Reconstruction of The Bocksten Man (Toxophilus, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons)

      About the book:

      To Wear A Heart So White: An Anthology of Historical Short Stories About Crime and Punishment

      A cost for every action, and a price for every deed.

      The Historical Writers’ Forum proudly presents seven stories of Crime and Punishment, from across the ages. From an anchoress to a war hero; from Italy to Missouri; this anthology has a story for everyone.

      Included stories are:

      The Ignoble Defence – Virginia Crow

      Agatha’s Eyes – Rachel Aanstad

      A Pact Fulfilled – Eleanor Swift-Hook

      Carte de Viste – Ronan Beckman

      A Dish Served Cold – Brenda W. Clough

      Shadows of the Adriatic – Tessa Floreano

      A Dangerous Road – D. Apple

      Click here to Buy the book: To Wear A Heart So White: An Anthology of Historical Short Stories About Crime and Punishment

      About the Author:

      Virginia Crow is an award-winning author of historical fiction. Her writing borders on the edge of reality, challenging the beliefs and superstitions of bygone days.

      She lives in Caithness, where her life is dictated by Orlando and Jess, her two spaniels.

      *

      My Books:

      Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

      Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens

      Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.

      Available for pre-order now.

      Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:

      Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon. 

      Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, and Bookshop.org. Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword, Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon,  Amberley Publishing, and Bookshop.org.

      Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.

      Podcast:

      Have a listen to the A Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved.

      *

      Don’t forget! Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

      For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.

      You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter, Threads, Bluesky and Instagram.

      ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS and Virginia Crow

      Book Corner: Return to the Eyrie by Katerina Dunne

      Sharon Bennett ConnollyLeave a comment

      Honour, revenge, and the quest for justice.

      Belgrade, Kingdom of Hungary, 1470

      Raised in exile, adolescent noblewoman Margit Szilágyi dreams of returning to her homeland of Transylvania to avenge her father’s murder and reclaim her stolen legacy. To achieve this, she must break the constraints of her gender and social status and secretly train in combat. When the king offers her a chance at justice, she seizes it – even if it means disguising herself as a man to infiltrate the vultures’ nest that now occupies her ancestral ‘eyrie’. Plagued by childhood trauma and torn between two passionate loves, Margit faces brutal battles, her murderous kin’s traps and inner demons on her quest for vengeance. Only by confronting the past can she reclaim her honour – if she can survive long enough to see it through. Return to the Eyrie is an epic coming-of-age tale of a young woman’s unwavering pursuit of justice and destiny in 15th century Hungary.

      A couple of years ago, I had the pleasure of reading and reviewing Lord of the Eyrie by Katerina Dunne, a novel set in late medieval Hungary. It was a fascinating introduction to a country whose History I know very little about. And the story was incredible, a family drama, with vivid battle scenes and intricately woven plotlines. It certainly left me wanting more. It was an absolute pleasure to read. So, when Katerina told me she had written a sequel, I jumped at the chance to read it. I was intrigued as to how the story would continue.

      And it is a stunning sequel to Lord of the Eyrie, following the daughter of Sandor, the hero in the first book, who is trying to find out exactly what happened to her father. She also wants to clear his name. unscrupulous enemies branded Sandor a traitor. Margit aims to prove he wasn’t.

      Margit grew up without family, protected by her nurse and her father’s best friend, and knowing that she had been deprived of her inheritance and position in the world. The search for the truth drives her. But she is not the traditional Hungarian girl. A born leader, she learns to fight – against her father’s enemies and against the life that is planned out for her.

      In the lambent glow of the oil lamp, Ahmed traced a thumb down the flat of Margit’s blade, carefully like touching a precious gem. “Beautiful,” he murmured.

      “Will you show me how to use it?”

      Fixed on the etching, Ahmed’s eyes narrowed, and his forehead wrinkled as though his mind was caughter by a distant recollection. “Where did you find this?”

      Margit swallowed back her sudden apprehension. “Why do you ask?”

      “You didn’t steal it, did you?”

      “No!” She snatched the dagger from Ahmed’s hand, placed it back in its box and slammed the lid shut. “It’s mine.” She wrapped her arms about her precious possession.

      “Why are you so angry?” Adnan ventured but shrank back at once, cowering under her fierce gaze.

      “Forgive me,” Ahmed said. “I don’t know the family, but I remember the coat of arms.”

      Margit’s stomach tightened. “You do?”

      “An old story. Some other time. You don’t keep Erzsi waiting outside.”

      He waved Margit away, but she let the canvas bag with her other gifts drop from her shoulder. “Erzsi will not mind waiting. Please, tell me.”

      Ahmed cleared his throat. His eyes wandered away to times long past. “When Sultan Mehmed besieged Belgrade fifteen years ago, I fought beside Janissaries against Hunyadi’s army -“

      “General Janos Hunyadi? The king’s late father?” Margit interrupted him, eyes wide open with excitement.

      The general was her own father’s overlord. Hungary’s bravest protector as Imre always referred to him, tearing every time he uttered his name.

      Ahmed nodded. “Yes. His defenders trapped us in the town. I killed many but then saw this tall and skilled knight. No Shield; just a sword in one hand and axe in the other, slaying Janissaries like untrained peasants.” He pointed at Margit’s box. “He wore this coat of arms. I thought I must stop him. I attacked. But I never fought anyone like him. By Allah, he had no fear; didn’t care if he lives or dies.”

      Margit is a wonderful heroine, determined to seek out the truth, and to forge her own path. Not always aware of, or concerned for, the feelings of others, the teenager searches out her own destiny and confronts her enemies, putting herself and those who love her in danger.

      Margit is not always a likeable heroine. She is sometimes selfish. But, she is a teenage girl who has lost practically everything – family, home, identity. In trying to recover what is lost, she becomes a more sympathetic character, learning to compromise and reach an understanding with those around her. The reader will become invested in her journey.

      Return to the Eyrie by Katerina Dunne is set in medieval Hungary, a land which Katerina Dunne recreates in astonishing detail. The landscape, the settlements, castles and people help to draw the reader into the story. Hungary is a land rich in resources but beset by enemies, both within and without, and the heroine, Margit, must navigate not only national politics, international enemies but also her own identity as a young woman and the daughter of an accused traitor.

      It is a wonderful, rich and absorbing story. I highly recommend it!

      To Buy the Book:

      Return to the Eyrie is available in paperback and on Kindle from Amazon – and is currently only 49p, so snap it up!

      About the author:

      Katerina Dunne is the pen-name of Katerina Vavoulidou. Originally from Athens, Greece, Katerina has been living in Ireland since 1999. She has a degree in English Language and Literature from the University of Athens, an MA in Film Studies from University College Dublin and an MPhil in Medieval History from Trinity College Dublin. While she used to write short stories for family and friends in her teenage years, she only took up writing seriously in 2016-17, when she started work on her first novel.

      Katerina’s day job is in financial services, but in her free time she enjoys reading historical fiction and watching historically-themed movies and TV series. She is passionate about history, especially medieval history, and her main area of interest is 13th to 15th century Hungary. Although the main characters of her stories are fictional, Katerina uses real events and personalities as part of her narrative in order to bring to life the fascinating history of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, a location and time period not so well-known to English-speaking readers.

      *

      My Books:

      Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

      Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens

      Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.

      Available for pre-order now.

      Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:

      Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon. 

      Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, and Bookshop.org. Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword, Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon,  Amberley Publishing, and Bookshop.org.

      Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.

      Podcast:

      Have a listen to the A Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved.

      *

      Don’t forget! Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

      For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.

      You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter, Threads, Bluesky and Instagram.

      ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS

      Interview with Gemma Hollman, author of Women in the Middle Ages

      Sharon Bennett Connolly4 Comments

      This week, I have had the distinct pleasure of chatting with author and historian Gemma Hollman about her new book, Women in the Middle Ages: Illuminating the World of Peasants, Nuns, and Queen.

      I cannot wait to get my hands on this book!

      Sharon: Tell me about your new book, Women in the Middle Ages: Illuminating the World of Peasants, Nuns, and Queens

      Gemma: The book is an illustrated history which aims to shed light on the lives of medieval women. Focusing on roughly 500 years, from 1000 – 1500, I take a look at European women from all levels of society. By using surviving artwork, we see what the visual record can tell us about these women that might be lost in the written record. We often have this idea that the medieval period was a male-dominated world, with women at the sidelines, but this is not quite the case and art is an excellent place to see this. Women appear everywhere in it, but they were also very often the makers of it, too. Women ran households, worked in taverns and textile hubs, invested money in businesses, created books and paintings, saved souls through their prayers and ruled countries. And in a visually-dominated culture, where the majority of people were illiterate, women were able to leave their mark on tapestries, manuscripts, beads, bowls, and more. The book is hopefully a marvellous romp through time with something for anyone, whether it’s your first time learning about medieval women, or the hundredth book you’ve read.

      Sharon: What inspired you to write the book?

      Gemma: My first two books were biographies, and I already had a vision for my third book as another biography, but I was also keen to do something more general. I was pondering how to do this, when a contact at Abbeville Press got in touch with me and let me know they were wanting to publish an art book centred on medieval women. This immediately sparked dozens of ideas in my head, and a chat with my future editor revealed that we had very similar visions for the book. It seemed like the perfect opportunity to dive in, and I relished the idea of doing such an image-heavy book. There are so many beautiful objects and artworks from the medieval period that I haven’t had the chance to showcase in my previous books, and I was excited to learn something new myself. I didn’t want to regret turning it down, so I didn’t!

      Sharon: Do you have a favourite woman you highlighted in the book?

      Tamar of Georgia

      Gemma: Oh gosh, that’s such a difficult question because there are so many featured within! I don’t know that I can pick just one, but certainly one of my favourite stories is that of Astrid, Gunnvor and the Dynna Stone. The Dynna Stone is an 11th century runestone from Norway that commemorates a woman named Astrid. It was erected in her memory by her mother, Gunnvor, and commemorates Astrid as “the handiest maiden in Hadeland”, suggesting Astrid was skilled at some kind of craft. We know little else about the two women, but the runestone is also important as being one of the earliest instances of Christian pictorial art in the country. In a book about medieval women and art, having an object commissioned by a woman for her daughter, who may also have been an artist of some form, is really special.

      Sharon: Who was the hardest person to write about?

      Gemma: I don’t know that I struggled so much to write about a particular person – I cover so many countries and centuries that there was always someone you could find – but more particular groups of people. Being someone who specialises much more on Western Europe, it was easy to think of examples of significant people to write about, but I was keen that the book would make sure to cover as much of Europe as possible, and so I sometimes had to do some real digging to find an example of a woman who fit in with what I was talking about from different regions. In the same vein, it was sometimes tricky finding specific examples of women to use in my Peasants and Professionals section. Although we do know the names of some craftswomen from the later Middle Ages, due to increased record-keeping, finding names of ordinary, lower-class women is really, really difficult. There were often few reasons for these women to turn up in the written record. This is, of course, where the art was an excellent filler, as we at least have visual representations of them, but it was almost impossible to tell individual stories of particular women in the same way as in other chapters.

      Sharon: Did you come across a particularly interesting or obscure character?

      Gemma: One woman who really struck a chord with me was Marietta Barovier, who was part of a well-known Venetian glassmaking family. Her father had invented cristallo glass, and had clearly given equal weighting to the talents of his daughter as well as his son. When he died, he bestowed his workshop to his two children jointly. Marietta gained a significant reputation of her own, and in the 1480s she invented the rosette or chevron bead, which became an iconic Venetian glass bead. Women in Italy were in many ways more restricted in the world of work than other women in Europe, and yet here you have a woman who was not only allowed equal inheritance, but became famous in her own right for her exceptional skill.

      Sharon: Was there a particular image or manuscript that struck you?

      Margaret von Zurich

      Gemma: Another difficult question as there are so many wonderful images! I think I’ll go with a simple little manuscript initial from a German nunnery. The picture shows a nun named Margaret von Zurich bathing the Christ Child in a barrel bath. It’s a very simple, small drawing, with some beautiful colour, and to modern eyes it is nothing extraordinary. But this small picture is actually incredibly subversive. The Catholic Church had forbidden women from touching Christ, and so not only was Margaret’s vision dangerous, but so was the recording of it in a manuscript. Religious women in Europe were often at the spearhead of reform and religious fervour, and this small drawing really succinctly demonstrates that.

      Sharon: Did you have to leave anyone out through time constraints, lack of images or word count? If so, who?

      Gemma: Oh, most certainly! The book is not very long by history book standards, and yet it aims to cover a continent and five centuries of history! I could have written so, so much more and there are always people you wish you could include or expand upon but can’t. In the early days of writing and researching, I realised I needed to find a way to narrow the scope a little to make the book somewhat more manageable, and so I made the decision to focus on Catholic Europe, which thus excluded many eastern countries. This was a disappointment as one woman I wrote about in a sample chapter was Queen Tamar of Georgia. She ruled from 1184 to 1213 and was the first woman to rule the country in her own right. Despite early objections to her reign, her time as queen went on to be seen as a Golden Age, and her story is so fascinating. It was a shame to have to cut her out, but maybe she can find her way in to a future project of mine!

      Sharon: What was your biggest challenge when writing about women in history?

      Dynna Stone

      Gemma: I think for this book in particular, it was trying to correctly balance what women did, with what people at the time thought about what women did. There was a lot of misogyny in the Middle Ages and so lots of written sources or pieces of art criticise women for working too much, for being too involved in politics, for being too promiscuous, for being too…. But we also have to remember that just a fraction of what existed in the medieval period has survived to today, and the people creating these sources were sometimes the very people most likely to criticise women – monks sequestered away from the world, courtiers who didn’t like submitting to female authority, and so on. And so just because we might have some of these thoughts that have made it to today, it doesn’t mean that everyone or even the majority of people thought that. You don’t want to belittle the struggles that women at the time went through; some women did lose their kingdoms because people wanted a male ruler instead, and some peasant women who had to work in taverns to support their families were derided as prostitutes. But those female leaders also had thousands of men willing to fight for them, and there were popular ballads and texts that praised women for all the hard work they did to keep their families afloat. And you also want to try and avoid praising certain women for their exceptionalism, especially when some of their contemporaries used exceptionalism as back-handed compliments, a way to deride the rest of the female sex.

      Sharon: What are you working on now?

      Gemma: I am now busy getting started on my next book! I’ve gone back to England and will be looking at the court of Richard II, and I’m really excited to see which threads I’ll choose to pull at. It’s such an interesting and tumultuous reign, there is plenty to choose from! But I am definitely keen to return to a similar style book as Women in the Middle Ages in the future so my mind is already whirring with possibilities…

      About the Author: 

      Gemma Hollman is a historian and author of The Queen and the Mistress: The Women of Edward III and Royal Witches: From Joan of Navarre to Elizabeth Woodville. A Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, she works full-time in the heritage industry whilst running her historical blog, Just History Posts. You can find Gemma on Twitter: @GemmaHAuthor, and Facebook: facebook.com/JustHistoryPosts,

      To Buy the book:

      You can buy Women in the Middle Ages: Illuminating the World of Peasants, Nuns, and Queen in the UK from Waterstones and Amazon. And in the US from Barnes & Noble and Amazon.

      *

      My Books:

      Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online store.

      OUT NOW! Heroines of the Tudor World

      Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. These are the women who made a difference, who influenced countries, kings and the Reformation. In the era dominated by the Renaissance and Reformation, Heroines of the Tudor World examines the threats and challenges faced by the women of the era, and how they overcame them. From writers to regents, from nuns to queens, Heroines of the Tudor World shines the spotlight on the women helped to shape Early Modern Europe.

      Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK.

      Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens

      Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.

      Available for pre-order now.

      Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:

      Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon. Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, and Bookshop.org. 

      Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword, Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon,  Amberley Publishing, and Bookshop.org.

      Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.

      Podcast:

      Have a listen to Gemma talking about the two women in the life of Edward III on the A Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks.

      *

      Don’t forget! Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online store.

      For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.

      You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter, Threads and Instagram.

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      ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS and Gemma Hollman

      Guest Post: Empresses, Saints and Female-Kings: The Four Great-Granddaughters of King Ladislaus the Elbow-High by Katarzyna Ogrodnik-Fujcik

      Sharon Bennett ConnollyLeave a comment

      Today it is a pleasure to welcome my good friend, Kasia Ogrodnik to History…the Interesting Bits with a little bit of Polish history for us. I have been wanting to tell the story of King Jadwiga since writing about her in Heroines of the Medieval World. But Kasia is far better qualified to write about her compatriot, Poland’s famous female king and saint, and Jadwiga’s influential female relatives.

      So, over to Kasia…

      Empresses, Saints and Female-Kings: The Four Great-Granddaughters of King Ladislaus the Elbow-High

      Charles IV, King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Schweidnitz [Anna Świdnicka], c. 1357, Chapel of St. Katherine, Karlstejn

      The night of 19 May 1365 saw a young girl leaving Pisa on horseback. With her hair loose, clad only in her nightgown she was galloping to safety after fire broke out in Palazzo degli Anziani. Judging by her looks no one would have guessed this girl was in fact Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Bohemia. 

      Anna of Schweidnitz, Silesia (today Poland), was the only child of Duke Henry II, the grandson of King Ladislaus the Elbow-High of Cracow (Poland). Upon her father’s death she was placed under the care of his elder brother, her uncle, Bolko II the Small. The ruler of the small, but politically important duchy, Bolko was the last independent Silesian Piast. Since Charles IV of Luxembourg intended to annex the entirety of Silesia to the Kingdom of Bohemia, Bolko’s duchy, being the only missing part, was crucial to his plans. To secure the Schweidnitz inheritance Charles married Anna and this is how her journey began. Of course, she was not the only great-granddaughter of King Ladislaus to make an illustrious career. His three other great-granddaughters were to leave their marks on the world, too, and indelible ones. Two of them were to be crowned ”kings” and one proclaimed  saint. 

      Anna of Schweidnitz [Anna Świdnicka], bust in St Vitus Cathedral, Prague, c. 1370

      Anna of Schweidnitz (b.1339), Queen of Bohemia and Holy Roman Empress, was Charles IV of Luxembourg’s third wife. Initially she was betrothed to his son, Wenceslaus, but the boy died while still very young. His mother, Charles’s second wife died too shortly afterwards. To secure the Schweidnitz succession Charles decided to marry his late son’s fiancee himself. Anna was raised and educated at the splendid court of Queen Elizabeth of Poland (her late father’s aunt) at Buda, where she was sent by her uncle and official guardian, Duke Bolko II the Small. It was there where she and Charles were married in the closing days of  May 1353. Shortly afterwards the newlyweds returned to Prague and paid a visit to Schweidnitz, where the succession treaty was signed according to which the duchy was to be inherited by Anna and her children by Charles upon the death of her uncle Bolko and his wife Agnes of Habsburg. On 28 July 1353, Anna was crowned Queen of Bohemia and the following year, on 9 February 1354, Queen of Germany. The year 1355 saw the royal couple in Italy, where on Easter Sunday (5 April 1355) they were crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Holy Roman Empress in a splendid ceremony in the Basilica of Saint Peter, Rome.

      Anna and Charles’s first child, a daughter, Elizabeth, was born in 1358. Charles was overjoyed, but Anna felt she failed her husband (which we know thanks to her surviving correspondence with Petrarch). A much awaited son and heir arrived three years later, named Wenceslaus, traditional name of the rulers of Bohemia. He was to become Charles’ beloved and favoured child. Anna died on 11 July 1362, in childbirth, aged 23. The child did not survive, either, and they were buried together in St Vitus Cathedral, Prague. Anna was remembered for her personal charm and sweet nature. Not only did she receive a bluestocking education, but she was also considered one of the style icons of her time, her reputation as a great beauty resting on the surviving images created during her lifetime and shortly after her untimely death. Tradition has it that of Charles’ four wives it was Anna he loved most. Stricken with grief upon her passing, he did not remarry until a political situation forced him to. His fourth wife was Anna’s kin, Elizabeth of Pomerania, also great-granddaughter of King Ladislaus the Elbow-High. 

      Elizabeth of Pomerania (Eliška Pomořanská, Elżbieta Pomorska)

       
      Reliquary Shrine of Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary, Maria and Jadwiga’s paternal grandmother, attributed to Jean de Touyl, ca. 1350 . Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

      Elizabeth was a daughter of Duke Bogusław the Great of Pomerania and Princess Elżbieta of Poland. In 1362 her maternal grandfather, King Casimir the Great of Poland together with his nephew, Louis the Great of Hungary, dukes of Austria and Bavaria formed a coalition against Charles IV of Luxembourg. The opposing parties found themselves on the verge of war, which did not break out, however, perhaps due to Anne of Schweidnitz’s untimely death. The rulers came to terms instead and a marriage was forged to consolidate their agreement. Charles was to marry Elizabeth. He was thrice her age, shorter than her and not very attractive. She was described as beautiful, full of life, and as fit as a fiddle. Stories had it that she could break horseshoes with her own hands. She was an avid horse rider and hunter. 

      The wedding ceremony was celebrated in Kraków on 21 May 1363. Afterwards the couple travelled together to Prague where Elizabeth was crowned Queen of Bohemia. Five years later her imperial coronation at Rome followed. Despite the age difference she and Charles got along well, being married for fifteen years. Their union produced six children, four of whom were to reach adulthood. Charles and Elizabeth’s eldest child, a daughter Anne, was to marry Richard II and become Queen Consort of England. Their son, Sigismund was to be crowned King of Bohemia, Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. Charles IV died in 1378. Elizabeth herself was to outlive her husband for fifteen years. She died in 1393 and like his three wives before her, she was buried in St Vitus Cathedral, Prague.

      Mária [Mary] of Anjou, King of Hungary

      The coats of arms of Hungary and Poland, c. 1340. Treasury of Aachen Cathedral, Germany

      Mary was one of the three daughters of Louis the Great of Hungary and his second wife, Elizabeth of Bosnia. In 1379, Mary’s elder sister Catherine died, leaving her and her sister Jadwiga Louis’s sole surviving children. The matter of Polish succession had been on the agenda long before Mary was born. Upon King Casimir the Great’s death in 1370 his nephew, Mary’s father, Louis was crowned king of Poland. Initially it was Mary, who was to succeed him as the king of Poland, but the events took a different turn, and in the end she was replaced by her younger sister, Jadwiga [Hedwig]. 

      Mary was crowned “king” of Hungary on 17 September 1382, seven days after her father’s death. However, the idea of a female monarch was not popular among the Hungarian nobility. Many nobles considered Charles III of Naples, Mary’s distant cousin, the lawful heir. 

      Charles landed in Dalmatia in September 1385. In October Mary was married to Sigismund of Luxembourg, however, this  could not prevent Charles from entering the capital.  Mary was forced to renounce the throne and Charles’s coronation took place on 31 December 1385. He did not rule for long. Two months later, in February 1386, he was murdered, most probably at the instigation of Mary’s mother. Mary was restored, but in July she and her mother were captured by the dead king’s supporters. Famed for her beauty, but not for her political decisions, Mary’s mother met a violent end. After imprisonment by her opponents in Novigrad castle, she was found guilty of the murder of Charles III of Naples and strangled to death before her daughter’s own eyes, her body put on display, hanging on a rope from the castle walls. Mary survived and was rescued by her husband, Sigismund, who was crowned king of Hungary afterwards. Mary officially remained his co-ruler, but had no real influence on the government. She died on 17 May 1395 after falling from a horse during a hunting accident. She was pregnant at the time. Her prematurely born son did not survive either. 

      Jadwiga [Hedwig] of Anjou, king and patron saint of Poland

      Jadwiga and Maria, their mother and their sister Catherine as depicted on the St Simeon’s casket, Zadar, Croatia

      Mary’s younger sister, Hedwig was born on 18 February 1374, being the youngest of the three daughters of Louis the Great of Hungary and Elizabeth of Bosnia. 

      Both Mary and Jadwiga received a bluestocking education, Jadwiga both at the cultivated court of Hungary and in Vienna, at the court of her future father-in-law. Not only could Jadwiga read and write, but she also spoke fluent Latin and German. As the king of Poland she owned a big library and always  showed an active and generous support of scholars and learning institutions.

      Since Polish nobles did not like the idea of Mary’s consort, Sigismund of Bohemia, becoming de facto their king, they appealed to Elizabeth of Bosnia, the dowager queen, who had assumed regency, asking to send the younger of her two surviving daughters to Kraków. Elizabeth agreed and absolved the Polish nobles from the oath of loyalty they had pledged to Mary. 

      Jadwiga’s coronation took place on 16 October 1384 in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, where she was crowned ”king” of Poland. On 18 January 1385 the Lithuanian delegation came to the capital and a meeting was held with the representatives of the Polish nobility. Jadwiga was to marry the ruler of pagan Lithuania, Jogaila. In the opening days of 1386, Jadwiga publicly called off her engagement to Wilhelm Habsburg and married newly baptised Jogaila, who was to come down in history under his new name, Władysław Jagiełło [Ladislaus Jagiellon]. At the time of their wedding she was twelve, he was thirty-five. Władyslaw was crowned king on 4 March 1386. 

      Despite her young age Jadwiga continued to play an active role in the administration and politics of her realm. She conducted the negotiations with the knights of the Teutonic Order, but also on the Hungarian front. Jadwiga conferred with her sister Mary on numerous occasions. Their meetings were held both in Hungary and in Lesser Poland. She also intervened in Lithuania, where she peacefully resolved dynastic disputes between the ruling fractions.

      Jadwiga’s tomb effigy from 1902 by Antoni Madeyski, Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland. The queen’s earthly remains were transferred here from her original resting place at the high altar in 1949 and stayed here till 1987. Then they were transferred to the altar with the Black Crucifix

      She was famed for her charity and showing great care to the poor and the ill. Her active and generous support of scholars and learning institutions did not waver over the years. In her last will she donated all her jewelry, her rich dresses and other valuable objects to the Kraków Academy (the first Polish university founded by Kazimierz Wielki), now the Jagiellonian University. Additionally, she founded a dormitory for Polish students at the University of Prague. 

      Jadwiga died from complications in childbirth on 17 July 1399. She was twenty-five at the time. Her daughter did not survive, either. Almost immediately after her death, Jadwiga’s tomb became the focus of miracles and the destination of pilgrimages. Her cult flourished, with her canonization first mentioned during the funeral ceremony. However, it was to take seven centuries before she was actually canonised by Pope John Paul II. Ever since she has been recognised as patron saint of Poland and considered Polish national hero. 

      About the author:

      Katarzyna Ogrodnik-Fujcik specializes in British literature and history, her area of expertise being the first Plantagenets (the Angevins). She lives in Poland. She writes for different magazines and websites on Polish and European Middle Ages. She runs a blog dedicated to Henry the Young King. She consulted a BBC documentary on William Marshal.

      *

      My Books:

      Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online store.

      OUT NOW! Heroines of the Tudor World

      Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. These are the women who made a difference, who influenced countries, kings and the Reformation. In the era dominated by the Renaissance and Reformation, Heroines of the Tudor World examines the threats and challenges faced by the women of the era, and how they overcame them. From writers to regents, from nuns to queens, Heroines of the Tudor World shines the spotlight on the women helped to shape Early Modern Europe.

      Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK.

      Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens

      Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.

      Available for pre-order now.

      Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:

      Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon. Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, and Bookshop.org. 

      Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword, Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon,  Amberley Publishing, and Bookshop.org.

      Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.

      Podcast:

      Have a listen to the A Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved.

      *

      Don’t forget! Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online store.

      For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.

      You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter, Threads and Instagram.

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      ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS and Katarzyna Ogrodnik-Fujcik

      Lady Mary Seymour, the Queen’s Orphan Daughter

      Sharon Bennett Connolly2 Comments
      Katherine Parr by an unknown artist, NPG

      Little Lady Mary Seymour was the daughter of dowager Queen Kateryn Parr and her fourth, and final, husband, Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley. Kateryn Parr was widowed for a third time with the death of Henry VIII in January 1547. By May of the same year, Queen Kateryn was married to the new king Edward VI’s uncle, Thomas Seymour, Lord High Admiral of England and Baron Seymour of Sudeley. This was said to be a love match and within months Kateryn found herself pregnant for what may have been the first time in her life. In the months before the birth, the queen had fitted out a nursery for her baby, decorated in Kateryn’s favourite colours of crimson and gold: the nursery had views of the gardens and the castle’s chapel. The queen’s joy was tempered by the scandal that had arisen from her husband’s attentions towards Kateryn’s stepdaughter, Elizabeth.

      She wrote to Thomas Seymour of how active the unborn child was:

      I gave your little knave your blessing, who like an honest man stirred apace after and before. For Mary Odell [one of her ladies] being abed with me had laid her hand upon my belly to feel it stir. It hath stirred these three days every morning and evening so that I trust when you come it will make you some pastime. And thus I end bidding my sweetheart and loving husband better to fare than myself.1

      Kateryn gave birth to her only child, Mary, named after the dowager queen’s stepdaughter, Princess Mary, on 30 August 1548. At the age of 37, Kateryn was old to be having her first child, but both she and the baby had come through the labour safely and there doesn’t appear to have been any disappointment that the child was a girl rather than a boy.

      Thomas Seymour painted by Nicolas Denisot

      Within just a few days of the birth, Kateryn was showing signs of puerperal fever, a bacterial complication of childbirth that was very dangerous in the centuries before antibiotics. As her condition worsened, Kateryn suffered bouts of delirium and moments of calm, when she appeared to rally. In her delirium, Kateryn railed against her husband, saying

      ‘I am not well handled, for those that be about me careth not for me but standith laughing at my grief and the more good I will to them, the less good they will to me.’2

      Strongly denying her accusations, Seymour replied

      ‘Why, sweetheart, I would you no hurt.’3

      Whether Kateryn truly believed Seymour wanted her dead, or was still smarting from how close he had got to the Princess Elizabeth, or the words, reported by Lady Tyrwitt, who was not a friend of Seymour’s, were misinterpreted, we will never know. Her pain, delirium and suspicion of her husband made Kateryn’s last days even more wretched.

      Kateryn Parr died 6 days after little Mary’s birth, on 5 September 1548, at Sudeley Castle. She was laid to rest beneath the floor of St Mary’s Chapel in the castle grounds, with Lady Jane Grey acting as her chief mourner. Despite her fears that her husband had poisoned her, in her will, dictated as she was close to death, she left everything to Seymour, making him a very wealthy man.

      Thomas Seymour was stunned by Kateryn’s death and grieved deeply. He abandoned Sudeley Castle and returned to London, seeking refuge at Syon House, the home of his brother, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset and his wife. Little Lady Mary was placed in the care of his mother, Margery Seymour.

      St Mary’s Chapel, Sudeley Castle

      Mary was eventually taken into the care of Edward Seymour and his wife, Duchess Anne. Anne had herself given birth to a little boy shortly before Mary’s birth and had a house full of children, little Mary’s cousins. However, when her father was arrested for treason, having plotted to marry the Princess Elizabeth, and was being held in the Tower awaiting execution, he asked that his daughter should be given into the care of Katherine Willoughby (now Brandon), Duchess of Suffolk. Katherine had been a good friend of Kateryn Parr. She had herself been widowed in 1545 and was the mother of 2 teenage boys, Henry and Charles Brandon.

      Mary could have been given into the care of Kateryn Parr’s brother, William Parr, Marquess of Northampton, but he had recently found himself out of favour with Edward Seymour, the Lord Protector, as he had tried to divorce his wife, Anne Bourchier, in order to marry Elisabeth Brooks, who had served Seymour’s sister Jane when she was queen. This remarriage was considered illegal and outrageous and so, with such a scandal attached to him, Parr was not a suitable guardian to his niece; not that he appears to have paid any attention to Mary, nor expressed any desire to play a part in her life. Neither did Kateryn’s sister, Anne Herbert, Countess of Pembroke, show any interest in taking care of her niece, despite her own children being close in age to Mary.

      With Thomas Seymour’s execution on 20 March 1549, Lady Mary Seymour, at just short of 7 months old, was a dispossessed orphan. Three days before her father’s death, whilst she was still in the custody of her uncle at Syon House, Mary had been granted £500 a year by the Privy Council. The money was for ‘dyettes, wages and lyvereyes of the household of Mistres Mary Seymour for a yere and a half ended at the Feast of the annunciation of Our Lady next cummyng [25 March].’4 However, that income was not transferred to Katherine Willoughby when the baby was moved to her residence at Grimsthorpe Castle in Lincolnshire. This left the duchess short of funds. The daughter of a queen, though not royal, was expected to be maintained to a certain standard. The little orphan arrived at Grimsthorpe Castle with her own household; her full complement of staff included her governess, a nurse and two maids. And it was left to Katherine, Duchess of Suffolk, to pay their wages.

      Katherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk, Mary Seymour’s guardian

      By 24 July 1549, Katherine was writing to William Cecil, a secretary in Edward Seymour’s household at the time, in the hope that he may assist her in recovering payment for her expenses. She wrote:

      ‘It is said that the best means of remedy to the sick is first plainly to confess and disclose the disease, wherefore, both for remedy and again for that my disease is so strong that it will not be hidden. … All the world knoweth … what a very beggar I am.’5

      Katherine said that her finances were worsening for numerous reasons but,

      ‘amongst others … if you will understand, not least the queen’s child hath layen, and still doth lie at my house, with her company about her, wholly at my charges. I have written to my lady of Somerset at large, that there be some pension allotted unto her according to my lord grace’s promise. Now, good Cecil, help at a pinch all that you may help.’6

      The duchess included a list of items that Duchess Anne had promised to send on, including the plate and other items that had been intended for Mary’s nursery at Sudeley Castle. The duchess also complained that the baby’s governess, ‘with the maid’s nurse and others, daily call for their wages, whose voices my ears can hardly bear, but my coffers much worse.’7

      It is saddening to read how little affection is given to this child who was so wanted by her parents. That she went from being the centre of Kateryn Parr’s world to being an unwanted burden on the late queen’s good friend. It seems that Katherine Willoughby’s pleas did eventually have an effect. In January 1550, application was made to the House of Commons for the restitution of Lady Mary Seymour, ‘daughter of Thomas Seymour, knight, late Lord Seymour of Sudeley and late High Admiral of England, begotten of the body of Queen Katherine, late queen of England’.8

      Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire

      By this act, the little girl, now 16 months old, was permitted to inherit any remaining property that had not been returned to the crown by her father’s attainder. This did not particularly improve Mary’s situation, as most of the property she would be allowed to inherit had already passed into the hands of others. This Act of Parliament is the last mention we have of Lady Mary Seymour in the historical record. The grant was not renewed when it became due in September 1550 and Lady Mary never claimed any of the remaining portion of her father’s estate.

      It seems likely that the little orphan had died at Grimsthorpe Castle before her second birthday, her burial place now unknown. There are traditions that she survived. One such has her raised by her governess, eventually marrying Sir Edward Bushell, while a family in Sussex also claims to be descended from her. While neither of these scenarios are impossible, there is no historical record to substantiate the claims.

      That we cannot say for certain is one more sad note in the life of a little girl whose birth was met with such joy by both her parents, but whose short life was replete with tragedy. She was a little pawn in the machinations of her elders.

      Images:

      Courtesy of Wikipedia except Grimsthorpe Castle which is ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS

      Notes:

      1. Linda Porter, Katherine the Queen: The Remarkable Life of Katherine Parr, the Last Wife of Henry VIII, p. 318; 2. ibid, p. 322; 3. ibid, p. 323; 4. Rebecca Larson, ‘The Disappearance of Lady Mary Seymour’, tudorsdynasty.com; 5. Linda Porter, Katherine the Queen, p. 341; 6. ibid, pp. 341-342; 7. ibid, p. 342; 8. ibid

      Sources:

      Linda Porter, Katherine the Queen: The Remarkable Life of Katherine Parr, the Last Wife of Henry VIII; Rebecca Larson, ‘The Disappearance of Lady Mary Seymour’, tudorsdynasty.com; Don Matzat, Katherine Parr: Opportunist, Queen, Reformer; Amy Licence, The Sixteenth Century in 100 Women; Anne Crawford, editor, Letters of the Queens of England; Oxforddnb.com; Elizabeth Norton, Catherine Parr; Elizabeth Norton, The Lives of Tudor Women; Sarah Morris and Natalie Grueninger, In the Footsteps of the Six Wives of Henry VIII.

      *

      My Books:

      Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online store.

      OUT NOW! Heroines of the Tudor World

      Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. These are the women who made a difference, who influenced countries, kings and the Reformation. In the era dominated by the Renaissance and Reformation, Heroines of the Tudor World examines the threats and challenges faced by the women of the era, and how they overcame them. From writers to regents, from nuns to queens, Heroines of the Tudor World shines the spotlight on the women helped to shape Early Modern Europe.

      Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK.

      Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens

      Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.

      Available for pre-order now.

      Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:

      Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon. Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, and Bookshop.org. 

      Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword,  Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon,  Amberley Publishing, and Bookshop.org.

      Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.

      Podcast:

      Have a listen to the A Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved.

      *

      Don’t forget! Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online store.

      For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.

      You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter, Threads and Instagram.

      *

      ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS.

      My Latest News

      Sharon Bennett Connolly2 Comments

      Well, it is September and we are already into the last third of the year. Wow! 2024 has gone quickly and I would like to thank all my readers for your continuing support. It has been an amazing and hectic year, so far.

      I even made the national papers in the UK! I was interviewed for an article on the new Amazon Prime tv show, My Lady Jane for The Mirror, separating the facts from the fiction. You can still read the article here.

      Book News

      I don’t think I would ever choose to put 2 books out within 6 months of each other. That was my publisher’s choice and I did manage to roll with it, thankfully. I had a fabulous book launch for Women of the Anarchy at Oxford Castle in February and another amazing launch for Heroines of the Tudor World in Lincoln in June. Both books have been incredibly well received and had some amazing reviews.

      And for those of you in the USA, Canada and Australia, the wait is almost over, Heroines of the Tudor World will be released on 10 September.

      Praise for Heroines of the Tudor World:

      “Bennett Connolly has an easy, conversation style of writing which welcomes you from the opening pages and draws you into her story. This is her seventh book and her craft is polished and professional.”

      “Bennett Connolly’s way with words shows us a picture of that world, colourful, vibrant, and violent.”

      “This book should be a staple for those who wish to understand the changing roles of women in society.”

      “Sharon Bennett Connolly writes engaging history and is obviously passionate about exploring the lives of women from all backgrounds and different periods of history. Her knowledge and expertise in women’s history really shines through, making this book an absolute joy to read.”

      To order Heroines of the Tudor World, click here.

      And I have new book news too!

      Scotland’s Medieval Queens will by my 8th book and will be released in the UK on 30 January 2025. It is now available for pre-order. Here’s what it’s about:

      Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all.

      This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.

      I love Scottish History and am so proud of this book and cannot wait for you all to read it!

      To pre-order Scotland’s Medieval Queens, click here!

      Event News

      September is rather a busy month for me, with 3 events in one week at the end of the month! So, here’s what’s coming up:

      Saturday 7 September:

      I shall be co-hosting a panel with Derek Birks at the Historical Novel Society Conference 2024. Held at Dartington Hall in Devon, a whole host of authors a book lovers will be gathering to talk about books. Derek and I have the pleasure of hosting 3 giants of Historical Fiction, Elizabeth Chadwick, David Gilman and Matthew Harffy, to discuss the highs and lows of Writing Medieval.

      The in-person event is sold out, but there are still online tickets available here.

      Saturday 14 September:

      As part of Heritage Open Days in the UK, I shall be putting my tour guide hat back on and giving guided tours around my local – Conisbrough Castle – home of the Warennes and one of the most stunning medieval keeps in England. The ‘Storming Normans’ event will also include children’s’ activities and a medieval re-enactment from the fabulous team at Sudjorvik. And, as its a Heritage Open Day weekend, entry to the castle and access to the events and guided tours is FREE!

      Doors open at 10am, with my Castle Tours taking place at 11am and 2pm.

      So, do come along if you are in the area.

      Saturday 21 September:

      I will be in Manchester at a conference for History teachers, presenting a talk entitled ‘Where Were the Women,’ focusing on putting the women back into History.

      It is billed as ‘A great day of free History CPD and geekery.’

      Hosted by Teachers Talk History, it takes place at the Friends’ Meeting House, 6 Mount Street Manchester M2 5NS

      If you are a History teacher in the UK, the event is free – you just need to book your place.

      Thursday 26 September:

      I will be in Leicester, presenting the annual Scarborough Lecture for the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society.

      Women and Magna Carta will look at those women who influenced Magna Carta, or lived through it – and those who used it to assert their rights. They include Matilda de Braose, Nicholaa de la Haye, Ela of Salisbury and Isabel d’Aubigny. 

      The LAHS Scarborough Lecture is named after the late John Scarborough, Local Leicester man, who after joining LAHS at the age of 21 became a life-long member and supporter of the Society for over 45 years. He was particularly interested in the High Medieval Period.

      No booking necessary. Entry to the talk is free of charge.

      Doors open from 7.00pm, with tea and coffee available. The lecture will take place at 7.30pm, at the Rattray Lecture Theatre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester (LE1 7RH).

      For more information, click here.

      Sunday 29 September:

      I will be back in Lincoln for the 2024 Lincoln Book Festival!

      Presenting a talk, Lincolnshire Women in History, I will be looking at notable women from Lincoln – and Lincolnshire – in the Medieval and Tudor periods. Highlighting women including the formidable Nicholaa de la Haye, castellan of Lincoln Castle and Sheriff of Lincolnshire, Katherine Swynford, grandmother of the Tudor dynasty, Katherine Willoughby a Tudor duchess who encouraged the spread of Puritanism in Lincolnshire and Protestant martyr Anne Askew, one of only two women to be tortured in the Tower of London.

      The talk is at 12 noon and will take place at the Lincoln Arts Centre: University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Lincoln, LN6 7TS.

      Tickets are £7 or £5 for those with a Live Pass, and can be booked online through the Lincoln Book Festival.

      7 October:

      Looking forward to returning the the Towton Battlefield Society for a talk on my hero, Nicholaa de la Haye. The Society meet at 7pm in Saxton Village Hall. They are very welcoming and only charge a small fee if you are not a member. So, if you want to come along, please do. I thoroughly enjoyed my visit there last year!

      28 November:

      I will be returning to Northampton, for the first time since my graduation there in 1992 and talking about the Women of the Anarchy, focusing on Empress Matilda and her rival, Queen Matilda of Boulogne and highlighting how these two women, unable to wield swords, were still highly influential in the battle for the crown between the Empress and King Stephen.

      Tickets will be available from 1 November 2024 and can be booked online here.

      Starting at7.30pm, the talk will be held at  Delapre Abbey Preservation Trust, Northampton, NN4 8AW.

      And that will be all for my programme of talks in 2024. There will be more to come in 2025, with talks already booked at Wallingford, Dorking and Gainsborough Old Hall, among others. But more of that later!

      Podcast News

      The A Slice of Medieval podcast that I co-host with my friend and fellow author, Derek Birks, is now 2 years old and has gone from strength to strength. We recently recorded our 50th – yes, 50th – episode, which will be out at the end of the month, and just happens to be on one of my favourite topics. If you haven’t tuned in yet, do give us a listen. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell and Elizabeth Chadwick or take a deep dive into a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved.

      *

      Have a great September! My very best wishes, Sharon xx

      *

      My Books

      Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

      OUT NOW! Heroines of the Tudor World

      Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. These are the women who made a difference, who influenced countries, kings and the Reformation. In the era dominated by the Renaissance and Reformation, Heroines of the Tudor World examines the threats and challenges faced by the women of the era, and how they overcame them. From writers to regents, from nuns to queens, Heroines of the Tudor World shines the spotlight on the women helped to shape Early Modern Europe.

      Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK.

      Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:

      Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon. Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, and Bookshop.org. 

      Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword,  Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon,  Amberley Publishing, and Bookshop.org.

      Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.

      *

      Don’t forget! Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

      For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.

      You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter and Instagram.

      ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS

      The Battle of the Standard

      Sharon Bennett Connolly4 Comments
      History ... the Interesting Bits
      King Stephen

      22 August is a famous date in history. The Battle of Bosworth, on 22 August 1485 is often seen as the end of one era and the beginning of another: the end of the medieval age and the beginning of the early modern. It was the end of the royal line of the Plantagenets, begun under Henry II in 1154 and ended with the death of Richard III on that fateful August day. It was the advent of, arguably, the most famous royal house in history: the house of Tudor, which ruled England from 1485 to 1603.

      But Bosworth was not the only battle fought on English soil on 22 August. 347 years before, during the period known to history as the Anarchy, when King Stephen stole the English throne from his cousin Empress Matilda. At Northallerton in North Yorkshire, an English army faced a Scots army in what would come to be known as the Battle of the Standard; between the forces of King Stephen and those of his wife’s uncle – and also the uncle of Empress Matilda – David I, King of Scots.

      On his marriage to Matilda de Senlis, arranged by his brother-in-law King Henry, David acquired lands in Northampton, Bedford, Cambridge and Huntingdon, as well as lands stretching from South Yorkshire to Middlesbrough, which would become known as the ‘honour of Huntingdon’. By the first Treaty of Durham, agreed in February 1136, at which David had refused to do homage to Stephen but allowed his son to do so, young Henry was given Doncaster and the lordship of Carlisle. He also received his mother’s inheritance, the honour and earldom of Huntingdon, paying homage for these lands to King Stephen at York. At Stephen’s Easter court that same year, Henry sat at the king’s right hand, his royal birth giving him precedence ahead of the English earls. This infuriated Earl Ranulf of Chester, who had wanted Carlisle for himself, and Simon (II) de Senlis, Henry’s older half-brother, who maintained a rival claim to the Huntingdon lands.

      History ... the Interesting Bits
      David I King of Scots

      The two barons withdrew from the court in disgust. As the grandson of Earl Waltheof, Henry also demanded the earldom of Northumberland. When Stephen refused to relinquish it, Scottish raids into Northumberland were renewed. David was ostensibly arguing that he was supporting his niece, Empress Matilda, in her struggle with Stephen over the English crown, though his actual motives were far from selfless. The Gesta Stephani was generous in assessing the Scots king’s dilemma:

      In Scotland, which borders on England, with a river fixing the boundary between the two kingdoms, there was a king of a gentle heart, born of religious parents and equal to them in his just way of living. Since he had in the presence of King Henry, together with the other magnates of the kingdom, or rather first of all of them, bound himself with an oath that on King Henry’s death he would recognise no-one as his successor except his daughter or her heir, he was greatly vexed that Stephen had come to take the tiller of the kingdom of the English. But because it had been planned and carried out by the barons themselves without consulting him he wisely pondered the ultimate result and waited quietly for some time to see what end the enterprise would come.1

      In the early months of 1138, David had exploited Stephen’s preoccupation with the siege of Bedford Castle to lead a foray into Northumberland. The Scots king was apparently spurred on by a letter from Empress Matilda ‘stating that she had been disinherited and deprived of the kingdom promised to her on oath, that the laws had been made of no account, justice trampled under foot, the fealty of the barons of England and the compact to which they had sworn broken and utterly disregarded, and therefore she humbly and mournfully besought him to aid her as a relation, since she was abandoned, and assist her as one bound to her by oath, since she was in distress’.2

      History ... the Interesting Bits
      Empress Matilda depicted in an image from the Gospels of Henry the Lion.

      Whether acting in response to his niece’s pleas or to pursue his own interests, David had moved south in January 1138. He had besieged Wark Castle and led a chevauchée further south. However, he had retreated into the Scottish borders when Stephen brought a substantial force against him. From Roxburgh, David awaited the departure of the English army before renewing his campaign. The Scots ventured across the border, once again, on 8 April, this time targeting the coastal regions of Northumberland and County Durham in a campaign of plunder and waste. Stephen was now tied up in the south in campaigns against various rebel barons, including William Fitz Alan, who was married to a niece of Robert, Earl of Gloucester, and Arnulf of Hesdin, who held Shrewsbury Castle against the king.

      Robert of Gloucester, Empress Matilda’s illegitimate half-brother, had finally made a move in favour of his sister, issuing Stephen with a diffidatio, a chivalric device which was a formal statement of renunciation of allegiance and homage. According to William of Malmesbury, Robert ‘sent representatives and abandoned friendship and faith with the king in the traditional way, also renouncing homage, giving as the reason that his action was just, because the king had both unlawfully claimed the throne and disregarded, not to say betrayed, all the faith he had sworn to him’.3

      David took advantage of these distractions and again crossed the River Tees with a Scottish army in July. He sent two Scottish barons to lay siege to Wark Castle while he headed further south. Eustace fitz John, deprived of Bamburgh Castle by King Stephen but still in control of Alnwick, chose to add his own forces to those of King David. The army marched past Bamburgh until the garrison, believing themselves impregnable, taunted the Scots from the safety of the castle’s formidable walls. The Scots promptly attacked, breaking down the barricades and killing everyone in the castle. Bernard de Baliol was then sent north by King Stephen and he and Robert de Bruce were tasked with discussing terms with the Scots. The proposal was that if the Scots went home, Prince Henry would be given the earldom of Northumberland. David rejected the offer.

      Stephen, it seems, was beset on all sides, with invaders on his northern borders, rebellion within his kingdom and trouble across the Channel in Normandy. He employed all his senior commanders in putting out the fires – including his wife, Queen Matilda. In the late summer of 1138, following the capitulation of Shrewsbury, Stephen had hanged that town’s entire garrison, learning from his leniency at Exeter. He then ‘besieged Dover with a strong force on the landward side, and sent word to [Queen Matilda’s] friends and kinsmen and dependents in Boulogne to blockade the force by sea. The people of Boulogne proved obedient, gladly carried out their lady’s commands and, with a great fleet of ships, closed the narrow strait to prevent the garrison receiving any supplies.’4 This military pressure, combined with the persuasive power of Robert de Ferrers, father-in-law of the rebel garrison’s commander, Walchelin Maminot, caused Walchelin to surrender to the queen, in late August or early September. The retribution meted out to the Shrewsbury garrison was probably another persuasive argument to the recalcitrant defenders.

      History ... the Interesting Bits
      Coin of Prince Henry of Scotland

      David had overplayed his hand by allowing his troops from Galloway to plunder the countryside, thus uniting the northern barons in their determination to put an end to these all-too-frequent Scottish forays into England. With Stephen, his loyal generals and his wife occupied with rebels in the south of England, the defence of the north fell to Thurstan, Archbishop of York since 1115 and nearing his seventieth year. Placing the archbishop in command was a move which would prevent baronial squabbling over seniority. Thurstan called for a crusade against the Scots and mustered his army at York. The Scots refused all offers of negotiations, so the archbishop marched his force to Northallerton in Yorkshire, just 30 miles north-west of York. Calling upon holy favour, the army was preceded by the banners of St Peter, St John of Beverly and St Wilfrid of Ripon, flying on a mast which itself was mounted on a carriage.

      On 22 August 1138, with the carriage supporting the standards placed on the summit of the southernmost of two hillocks next to the Darlington road, the troops were arrayed to the front of their standards. Above the emblems of the saints a banner read, ‘Body of the Lord, to be their standard-bearer and the leader of their battle.’5 It is from this pious display that the ensuing clash, the Battle of the Standard, would get its name. The English forces were formed in three groups, with dismounted men-at-arms in the front rank, a body of knights around the standards and the shire levies deployed at the rear and on both flanks. The Scots were drawn up on the northern hillock, with men-at-arms and archers in the front and the poorly equipped men from Galloway and the Highlanders in the rear. The unarmoured men from Galloway complained bitterly about being placed in the rear and demanded the rightful place of honour in the front of the battleline, to the extent that King David, against his better judgement, granted them their wish to spearhead the attack. Prince Henry took command of the right flank, comprising the troops from Strathclyde and the eastern Lowlands and a body of mounted knights. The left was formed of men from the western Highlands. The king led the small reserve, made up of the men from Moray and the eastern Highlands.

      The presence of the apostle and two Yorkshire saints in their force, arrayed against a foe containing a contingent of Picts, led to a sense among the English that they were on a noble crusade. According to Henry of Huntingdon, the Bishop of Durham then gave a stirring speech before the bishops and priests retreated from the field:

      History ... the Interesting Bits
      Memorial to the Battle of the Standard, Northallerton

      … Rouse yourselves, then, gallant soldiers, and bear down on an accursed enemy with the courage of your race and in the presence of God. Let not their impetuosity shake you, since the many tokens of our valour do not deter them. They do not cover themselves with armour in war; you are in the constant practice of arms in time of peace, that you may be at no loss in the chances at the day of battle. Your head is covered with the helmet, your breast with a coat of mail, your legs with greaves and your whole body with shield. Where can the enemy strike you when he finds you sheathed in steel … It is not so much the multitude of a host, as the valour of a few which is decisive. Numbers, without discipline, are a hindrance to success in the attack and to retreat in defeat. Your ancestors were often victorious when they were but a few against many…6

      As the English soldiers shouted out ‘Amen! Amen!’ in response to the bishop’s speech, the Scottish army advanced with their own battle cry of ‘Alban! Alban!’ on their lips. The men of Galloway launched the initial attack and ‘bore down on the English mailed knights with a cloud of darts and their long spears’.7 The unclothed Galwegians had no protection against the hail of arrows and English swords, though their sheer ferocity saw them temporarily breach the English front rank. Even so, they could get no further: ‘The whole army of English and Normans stood fast around the Standard in one solid body.’8 It was a stalemate that Prince Henry attempted to break by leading a mounted charge against the English forces. Although he sustained heavy losses, the prince broke through the English ranks and continued towards the enemy’s rear, reaching the horse lines. The English closed ranks before the Scots foot soldiers could take advantage of the gap created by the prince’s charge.

      Henry of Huntingdon reserves praise for the prince: ‘[David’s] brave son, heedless of what his countrymen were doing, and inspired only by his ardour for the fight and for glory, made a fierce attack, with the remnant of the fugitives on the enemy’s ranks … But this body of cavalry could by no means make any impression against men sheathed in armour, and fighting on foot in a close column; so that they were compelled to retire with wounded horses and shattered lances, after a brilliant but unsuccessful attack.’9 Finding himself marooned behind enemy lines, the prince ordered his men to discard any identifying badges and mingle with the English forces until they could escape. The ruse worked and the prince was able to make his way back to Carlisle.

      According to Huntingdon, the men of Galloway were put to flight when their chief fell, pierced by an arrow. Fighting along the line, and having seen what befell the Galwegians, the remainder of the Scots army began to falter. Seeing that the battle was lost, men began to flee. It began as a trickle, but soon the greater part of the army was in retreat. King David had chosen the greatest of the Scottish knights as his personal guard, and they remained steadfast almost to the last. Once they saw the battle was lost, they persuaded the king to call for his horse and retreat rather than risk death or capture. Henry of Huntingdon reports 11,000 Scottish dead against few English casualties, with Gilbert de Lacy’s brother the only English knight to fall on the field of battle.

      The English, however, failed to pursue the fleeing Scots. David was therefore able to march his surviving army north to join the forces that had been besieging Wark Castle since June. Satisfied that they had seen off the Scottish threat, the English had withdrawn, leaving only a small contingent in the field to reduce Eustace fitz John’s castle at Malton. Negotiations for peace could then begin:

      History ... the Interesting Bits
      Durham Cathedral

      After the war between the two kings had lasted for a long time, created terrible disorder, and brought widespread calamity, a peace mission was sent out by God’s will; travelling to and fro between the two kings, who were exhausted by the slaughter, destruction, ceaseless anxieties, and hardships, the envoys succeeded in restoring harmony between them.10

      A truce was arranged at Carlisle at the end of September 1138 and negotiations for a lasting peace began in earnest. On 9 April 1139, the Treaty of Durham was concluded between King Stephen and David of Scotland. As part of the treaty, Henry of Scotland would marry Ada de Warenne, daughter of William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Warenne and Surrey. Not that peace would prevent King David from continuing to aid his niece, Empress Matilda, in her struggles against King Stephen, but that is another story.

      Notes:

      1. K. R. Potter (trans.), Gesta Stephani; 2. ibid; 3. William of Malmesbury quoted in Matthew Lewis, Stephen and Matilda’s Civil War: Cousins of Anarchy; 4. John of Worcester quoted in Patricia A. Dark, The Career of Matilda of Boulogne as Countess and Queen in England, 1135-1152; 5. Matthew Lewis, Stephen and Matilda’s Civil War; 6. Thomas Forester (trans. and ed.), The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon. Comprising the history of England, from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the accession of Henry II. Also,the Acts of Stephen, King of England and Duke of Normandy; 7. ibid; 8. ibid; 9. ibid; 10. Ordericus Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, 1075-1143, book XIII.

      Images:

      King David, King Stephen, Empress Matilda and the coin of Prince Henry of Scotland are courtesy of Wikipedia. All photos are ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS

      Sources:

      Potter, K. R. (trans.), Gesta Stephani; Matthew Lewis, Stephen and Matilda’s Civil War: Cousins of Anarchy; Patricia A. Dark, The Career of Matilda of Boulogne as Countess and Queen in England, 1135-1152; Thomas Forester (trans. and ed.), The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon. Comprising the history of England, from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the accession of Henry II. Also, the Acts of Stephen, King of England and Duke of Normandy; David Smurthwaite, The Complete Guide to the Battlefields of Britain; David Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen; Keith Stringer, ‘Henry, Earl of Northumberland (c. 1115-1152)’, Oxforddnb.com; G.W.S. Barrow, ‘David I (c. 1185-1153)’, Oxforddnb.com; Keith Stringer, ‘Ada [née Ada de Warenne], countess of Northumberland (c. 1123-1178)’, Oxforddnb.com; Victoria Chandler, ‘Ada de Warenne, Queen Mother of Scotland (c. 1123-1178)’, The Scottish Historical Review, Vol. 60, no. 170; Farrer, W. and C. T. Clay (eds), Early Yorkshire Charters, Volume 8: The Honour of Warenne; Henry of Huntingdon, The History of the English People 1000–1154; Catherine Hanley, Matilda: Empress, Queen, Warrior; Marjorie Chibnall, The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English; Edmund King, King Stephen.

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      My Books

      Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online store.

      Out now: Scotland’s Medieval Queens

      Books by Sharon Bennett Connolly

      Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.

      ‘Scotland’s Medieval Queens gives a thorough grounding in the history of the women who ruled Scotland at the side of its kings, often in the shadows, but just as interesting in their lives beyond the spotlight. It’s not a subject that has been widely covered, and Sharon is a pioneer in bringing that information into accessible history.’ Elizabeth Chadwick (New York Times bestselling author)

      Available now from Amazon and Pen and Sword Books

      Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:

      Books by Sharon Bennett Connolly

      Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon. 

      Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, and Bookshop.org. Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword, Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, and Bookshop.org. Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon,  Amberley Publishing, and Bookshop.org.

      Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.

      Podcast:

      Have a listen to the A Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved. There are now over 70 episodes to listen to!

      Every episode is also now available on YouTube.

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      Don’t forget! Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.

      For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.

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      ©2024 Sharon Bennett Connolly FRHistS