It is hard to believe – for me, anyway – that I have now published 8 books. 8! I am still waiting for my author copies of Scotland’s Medieval Queens: From Saint Margaret to Margaret of Denmark, to arrive. But she is out in the world. And I am so proud of this book, not least because it was inspired by my wonderful, history-loving son, Lewis, who instructed me to ‘set the record straight’ for Lady Macbeth. With a prologue dedicated to this maligned woman, labeled a murderer and a madwoman by William Shakespeare, I hope I have done just that. And then there are all the other incredible queens that have sat on Scotland’s throne. Women who have defended the realm, acted as peace weavers, governed for their sons and stood as stalwart supporters of their husbands.
I hope I have done their stories justice.
Zoom Book Launch Party
This is your personal invite to join the celebrations!
So, why not join me to celebrate the release of Scotland’s Medieval Queens by coming to the Zoom Book Launch Party, held alongside my friends Samantha Wilcoxson and Paula Lofting, who also have books out this week. Hosted by Cathie Dunn, we will each tell you a little about our books, answer questions and generally party!
Paula, Samantha and I are also taking part in a joint mini blog tour, with 6 days of articles and interviews. I kicked us off on Saturday with an article from Paula Lofting looking into King Harold’s Royal Lineage. Samantha was then interviewed on Paula Lofting’s Threads to the Past. And today, I am talking about one of the less well known queens of Scotland, Sybilla of Normandy with Samantha.
There are 3 more stops on the tour, with Samantha visiting History…the Interesting Bits on 5 February, Paula interviewing me on 6 February and Samantha interviewing Paula on 7 February.
Then party time on 9 February!
Podcast:
Have a listen to the latest episode ofA Slice of Medieval podcast. In our Book Launch Special my co-host Derek Birks and I celebrate the launch of both our books. Scotland’s Medieval Queens meets A Guide to the Wars of the Roses. Every episode is also now available on YouTube.
About Scotland’s Medieval Queens: From Saint Margaret to Margaret of Denmark:
Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.
Well no, not me, I’m slightly older than that. But History…the Interesting Bits is 10 years old! It was 10 years ago today, on 8th January 2015, that I published my very first article, Isabella of Castile, the Controversial First Duchess of York, c.1355-1392. Since then, I have published 542 more posts, including articles, book reviews, interviews, news updates and giveaways; this article will be post no. 544.
First and foremost, I would like to thank each and every one of my readers for sticking with me for a whole decade!
Secondly…
We need to celebrate!
How to celebrate?
Well, many of you will know (hopefully) that may latest book, Scotland’s Medieval Queens: From St Margaret to Margaret of Denmark is being published by Pen & Sword Books in 3 weeks’ time – on Thursday 30 January.
So, how about a competition?
A giveaway?
About Scotland’s Medieval Queens:
Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody.
Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy.
Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland.
From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all.
This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.
Early feedback has been fantastic, with Elizabeth Chadwick and Carol McGrath both giving Scotland’s Medieval Queens a rather glowing – a humbling – endorsement. I received a wonderful review from Heidi Malagisi over at Adventures of a Tudor Nerd, who says “If you want a fantastic introduction to the turbulent world of medieval Scotland and the women who helped shape the monarchy, I strongly recommend you read, ‘Scotland’s Medieval Queens….'”
And NetGalley readers have unanimously (so far!) given it rave reviews:
Scotland’s Medieval Queens: From St Margaret to Margaret of Denmark is available for pre-order now.
I cannot wait for you to read – and hopefully enjoy – Scotland’s Medieval Queens: From St Margaret to Margaret of Denmark. So, as a joint celebration – publication day and History … the Interesting Bits’ 10th birthday, here’s the competition…
A Giveaway!
One signed copy of the brand spanking new hardback of Scotland’s Medieval Queens will go to the lucky competition winner.
It’s easy to enter!
The competition is open to everyone, wherever you are in the world. To win a signed and dedicated copy of Scotland’s Medieval Queens, simply leave a comment below or on social media via my Facebook page, Twitter, Threads, or Bluesky and I will include you in the prize draw.
The draw will be made on Saturday 18 January.
GOOD LUCK!
About me:
Sharon Bennett Connolly, has been fascinated by history her whole life. She has studied history academically and just for fun – and even worked as a tour guide at historical sites, including Conisbrough Castle. For Christmas 2014, her husband gave her a blog as a gift – http://www.historytheinterestingbits.com – and Sharon started researching and writing about the stories that have always fascinated. Sharon also co-hosts the podcast A Slice of Medieval, alongside historical novelist Derek Birks. She regularly gives talks on women’s history, for historical groups, festivals and in schools; her book Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest is a recommended text for teaching the events of 1066 in the National Curriculum. She is a feature writer for All About History, Tudor Places, and Living Medieval magazines and her TV work includes Australian Television’s ‘Who Do You Think You Are?‘
Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:
Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK.Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon.
Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.
Podcast:
Have a listen to theA Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell and DrIan Mortimer, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved.
*
Don’t forget!Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.
For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.
Bess of Hardwick is perhaps the most famous Tudor woman, outside of the extended Tudor royal family. A friend of Queen Elizabeth I, and confidant of Katherine Grey, she was also gaoler to Mary, Queen of Scots. An accomplished needlewoman, she is probably best known having built Chatsworth House and Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire; indeed, Hardwick Hall even bears her initials ES (Elizabeth Shrewsbury) in its external stonework.
Bess’s marital history is just as remarkable.
Bess was born around 1527, one of four daughters and a son born to John Hardwick of Hardwick, Derbyshire. It was a moderately prosperous gentry family. When her father died in 1528, When her father died in 1528, most of the family lands were taken into royal wardship until her brother James came of age. Bess’s mother, Elizabeth Leeke, remarried around 1529, to Ralph Leche of nearby Chatsworth, and had three more children, stretching the family finances even tighter. Leche’s constant problems with money meant that Leche spent the years from 1538 to 1544 in the Fleet Prison for debt and in 1545 he was committed to the debtors’ prison in Derby
With no dowry to attract a husband, 11-year-old Bess was sent into service in the household of Sir George and Lady Anne Zouche of Codnor Castle, a neighbouring family. Lady Zouche was a distant cousin of both of Bess’s parents and a friend and lady-in-waiting to Queen Anne Boleyn; following the queen’s downfall, she served her successor, Jane Seymour. Sir George was a gentleman pensioner to the king. It was in this household that Bess would have learned the ways of the aristocracy, whilst acting as a lady-in-waiting. Bess would have also made connections with various families through the other young people of the household.
Husband no. 1.
The ‘old’ Hardwick Hall
It was while she was living in the Zouche’s household that Bess met her first husband, Robert Barlow. The Barlows were acquainted with Bess’s stepfather, who was owed money on a land deal by Robert’s father, Arthur Barlow. It may well be that Arthur offered his oldest son and heir in marriage to Bess, with the amount owing from the court case written off in lieu of Bess’s dowry. Bess and Robert were married in the spring of 1543, with Bess being about fifteen and Robert a couple of months short of his fourteenth birthday.
The marriage was short-lived and possibly unconsummated, given their ages. Robert fell ill and died within eighteen months of their wedding day, on Christmas Eve 1544. When Bess applied to the Barlows for her widow’s dower, one-third of the income in rents and revenues from her husband’s estates, she was refused and a lengthy court battle ensued. A settlement was finally in 1546. It did not make her rich, but the annual income of £30 gave Bess a measure of independence when she was only 17 years of age.
Husband no. 2.
Bess of Hardwick, 1550s
Bess may have met Sir William Cavendish, while staying at Bradgate Park with Lady Frances Brandon, Marchioness of Dorset. Frances was a granddaughter of King Henry VII and the mother of the ill-fated Lady Jane Grey, the Nine Days Queen. Cavendish was twice-widowed, mature and rather rich, with 3 surviving daughters and no male heir. An experienced government official, he had been appointed Treasurer of the King’s Chamber in 1546 and had been knighted by the king on Easter Sunday of the same year. He had a portfolio of properties throughout the Midlands and a fine house in London.
When he met Bess in 1547, she was 19 and he was 40. A strong friendship developed, despite the age gap. They were married in the family chapel at Bradgate Park on 20 August 1547. Bess had a deep interest in astrology and the timing of the wedding, at two in the morning, was calculated as being the most propitious. Cavendish recorded the event in his notebook:
‘Memorandum. That I was married unto Elizabeth Hardwicke my third wife in Leestersheer at Bradgate House, on 20th August in the first year of King Edward’s reign, at two of the clock after midnight.’1
After the wedding, the couple travelled to Sir William’s manor at Northaw in Hertfordshire where Bess probably met her three stepdaughters for the first time, Catherine, Mary and Anne. At twelve, the eldest was only seven years younger than Bess. Though managing a household and acting as stepmother to 3 girls not much younger than herself must have been a daunting prospect, within a year Bess was keeping the books, paying bills and recording rents. The proximity of the manor to London also meant that shortly after the wedding Bess was presented at court to the young king Edward VI.
Bess and Cavendish would have 8 children together, of which 6 would survive childhood, including 3 boys. And it was with Cavendish that Bess acquired the lands of her stepfather at Chatsworth for £600. There was an old manor house on the property that the family lived in until the completion of Chatsworth House. Bess and Sir William continued to buy land in Derbyshire, including 8,000 acres from the earl of Westmorland. All the Derbyshire properties were in both their names, which meant that when Sir William died before his heir came of age, the properties remained in Bess’s hands rather than being taken into wardship. Sir William died in October 1557, leaving Bess in a precarious financial position, owing £5,237 to the crown over funds that had disappeared during his time at the Exchequer, apparently pilfered by an assistant.
The ‘new’ Hardwick Hall, taken from the old hall
Facing bankruptcy, Bess only avoided the confiscation of her lands by writing to many of her husband’s friends asking for their help and support. These friends voted against the bill when it was presented to Parliament. Her lands were safe, but she still owed the money. Bess made the final entry in Sir William’s notebook:
‘Sir William Cavendish Knight, my most dear and well-loved husband, departed this present life on Monday, being the 25th day of October … on whose soul I most humbly beseech the Lord to have mercy, and to rid me and his poor children of our great misery.’2
Husband no. 3.
In 1559, Bess married her late husband’s friend Sir William St Loe, a widower with 2 surviving daughters, Mary and Margaret. From an ancient and noble family and considerably wealthier than Cavendish had been, St Loe was Captain of Elizabeth I’s Yeoman Guard. St Loe’s father, Sir John St Loe, died and Bess took the opportunity to visit her husband’s old friend and offer her condolences. As the months progressed, so did their relationship. In January 1559, Sir William St Loe played a major role in Queen Elizabeth’s coronation, seeing to her security and, as Chief Butler of England, it was St Loe who ceremonially offered the first cup of wine to the new sovereign.
In July 1559, Sir William St Loe announced his betrothal to Bess and a wedding invitation sent by the groom to Bess’s old friend, Sir John Thynne, still exists:
Saving your promise … and not forgetting your friendship, these lines are to satisfy you that the day of my marriage is by my Mistress appointed upon Sunday this sennight [27 August]. At which time both her ladyship and myself [hope] to see you there. She hath with terrible threatenings commanded me not to forget making of her hearty commendations unto you and to my lady your wife, unto whom I pray you let me also commended … from Somerset this Tuesday 15th August. William Seyntlo.3
Bess’s initials and the Talbot dog, Hardwick Hall
Once married, St Loe’s duties often separated the couple, until Bess was appointed a Lady of the Privy Chamber. Due to his relationship with Queen Elizabeth, St Loe was able to reduce the debt Bess owed and paid the £1,000 fine on her behalf. The marriage of Bess and St Loe was a happy one and he treated Bess’s children as his own. However, Sir William and his younger brother, Edward, became involved in a property dispute. Edward visited Sir William and Bess in London to resolve the issue but shortly after the visit, Bess fell ill, poisoned. William St Loe suspected his brother Edward and 3 of Edward’s associates were punished, though Edward was not.
Bess was visiting her family in Derbyshire in 1565 when she received a note from London informing her that St Loe was critically ill. By the time she arrived back in the city, her husband was dead. As his brother Edward had visited recently, poison was suspected but could not be proven. St Loe had left everything to Bess. His will was unequivocal, though the fact St Loe had left nothing to his daughters meant that it was challenged, and Bess found herself fighting yet another court case for her rights.
Husband no. 4.
Bess of Hardwick’s initials on Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
On 1 November 1567, Bess married her fourth and final husband, George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury. At the same time, four of their children were married, with Bess’s daughter Mary marrying George’s second son, Gilbert, and Henry Cavendish marrying George’s daughter, Grace. A wealthy widow until that point, Bess was well aware that all her lands and property would be controlled by Shrewsbury from the moment of their marriage. However, Bess had a clause written into the marriage contract that in exchange for this, one-third of Shrewsbury’s unsettled income would go to Bess on his death. Arrangements were also made regarding Chatsworth, which would automatically go to Henry Cavendish on Bess’s death.
Bess and Shrewsbury spent the first few months of their married life away from court but sent the queen a gift of venison through Bess’s nephew, Anthony Wingfield. When the young man said he did not know when Bess would be returning to court, the queen said,
‘I am assured that if she have her own will she would not be long before she would see me. I have been glad to see my lady St Loe, but am I now more desirous to see my Lady Shrewsbury. I hope my Lady hath known my good opinion of her… I assure you there is no Lady in this land that I better love and like.’4
Bess of Hardwick’s bedchamber, Hardwick Hall
In 1568, Shrewsbury and Bess were given the custody of Mary, Queen of Scots, who remained in their charge until 1584. Famed for her needlework, Bess and Queen Mary would work on samples together. It was whilst they had custody of the Scots queen that Bess and Shrewsbury’s relationship began to break down. Bess repeatedly accused the earl of infidelities, including with their queenly prisoner, and Shrewsbury was feeling the strain of acting gaoler, with mounting debts as a result of the expenses incurred. In 1584, Bess separated from Shrewsbury and went to live at Chatsworth. She had to fight yet another legal battle when Shrewsbury claimed Chatsworth was his under the terms of their marriage settlement, but the court found in Bess’s favour, awarding her Chatsworth and a sizeable income from her husband.
By the time of the settlement, however, Bess had already moved on from Chatsworth and started a new building project at Hardwick, rebuilding her family’s old Hall, which was completed by 1591. Her estranged husband, Shrewsbury, died in 1590, leaving Bess with a third of his disposable lands. As a result, as soon as the Old Hall was completed, Bess embarked on a new project, building an entirely new Hardwick Hall right next door. Bess’s final years were occupied with building and furnishing the new hall.
In 1601, she made her will, leaving Hardwick to her second and favourite son, William, while her eldest son Henry was to have Chatsworth. Bess also made provision for her other children and her grandchildren, as well as her servants and the residents of the almshouse that she had founded in Derby. However, she altered the will in March 1603, after quarrelling with both Henry and her granddaughter Arbella, both of whom she now disinherited.
Effigy of Bess of Hardwick wearing a coronet of a countess. Derby Cathedral
At the time of her death, Bess was one of the richest people in England. She had survived childbirth eight times and the rollercoaster that was the English Reformation. She is famed both as the builder of Chatsworth House and Hardwick Hall and as the founder of a great dynasty. Her descendant, Peregrine Cavendish, the twelfth and current duke of Devonshire, still resides at Chatsworth House. Bess is also famed for her needlework, many examples of it still survive in her various properties. She and Mary, Queen of Scots would work on samples together when the Scots queen was in the custody of Bess and her husband.
Having survived all four husbands, various legal challenges, poisoning and scandal, Bess died at Hardwick on 13 February 1610 and was buried at All Hallows, Derby, now Derby Cathedral.
Notes:
1. Collins, Historical Collections of the Noble Families of Cavendish quoted in Mary S. Lovell, Bess of Hardwick, p. 36; 2. Collins, Historical Collections of the Noble Families of Cavendish, quoted in Jill Armitage, Four Queens and a Countess, p. 93; 3. Mary S. Lovell, Bess of Hardwick, p. 147; 4. Jill Armitage, Four Queens and a Countess, p. 125
Sources;
Mary S. Lovell, Bess of Hardwick: First Lady of Chatsworth; Jill Armitage, Four Queens and a Countess: Mary Queen of Scots, Elizabeth I, Mary I, Lady Jane Grey and Bess of Hardwick; Nathaniel Johnson, Lives of the Earls of Shrewsbury; Arthur Barlow’s Inquisition Post Mortem; Calendar of State Papers, Letters and Papers September 1536; Lisa Hilton, Elizabeth I: Renaissance Prince, A Biography; Annie Bullen, Hardwick Hall (guidebook); Tracy Borman, Elizabeth’s Women; Leanda de Lisle, The Sisters Who Would Be Queen: The Tragedy of Mary, Katherine and Jane Grey; Nicola Tallis, Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey; Alison Weir, Elizabeth the Queen; Elizabeth Norton, The Lives of Tudor Women; Victoria Sylvia Evans, Ladies-in-Waiting: Women who Served at the Tudor Court; Amy Licence, The Sixteenth Century in 100 Women.
Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.
Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens
Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.
Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK.Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon.
Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.
Podcast:
Have a listen to theA Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved. Our latest episode is 2024 Christmas Special with Toni Mount, A Medieval Christmas.
*
Don’t forget!Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.
For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.
In Tudor times – well, in every era to be honest – not every woman could boast a husband who was capable of greatness. Or even of managing his own finances. Anne de Vere, Countess of Oxford, was one such, a woman who survived the scandals attached to her family only to be faced with a profligate husband who really should have heeded his wife’s advice. Born Anne Howard, daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk and his second wife, Agnes Tilney, she first appears in the historical record on 16 November 1511, when she is contracted to marry John de Vere, the 12-year-old nephew and heir of John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford. John was the only surviving son of George de Vere, who had been intended for the church until his father and oldest brother were both executed in 1462. He then became the heir of his surviving older brother, John de Vere, but died in 1503, leaving his 4-year-old son John as his brother’s heir.
The de Veres were an old, noble family and although the marriage was politically and economically advantageous to both sides, it was even more so to the Howards, whose relatively new nobility would be strengthened by links with the old families. Although the marriage took place in September 1512, the youth of Anne and John meant that the couple lived with Anne’s family, the Howards, and the marriage may not have been consummated for some time. A year later, John inherited his uncle’s earldom of Oxford but as he was a minor, he remained a royal ward, and in 1514 his wardship and lands were granted to his father-in-law, the duke of Norfolk.
Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520
Anne and John de Vere attended the famous Field of the Cloth of Gold in June 1520 and two months afterwards, the earl attained his majority and was granted livery of his lands. The young couple set up home at Hedingham Castle. The marriage does not appear to have been a happy one and by April 1523, Anne was writing to Cardinal Wolsey, requesting help in managing her husband’s behaviour. Though masked in diplomatic terms, Anne’s letters complained that John was managing his estates badly and acting dishonestly, and he refused to allow her to take on some of the estate management. Anne wrote that ‘yf I shuld medyl in anny off these concerns further than I do I surteyne that I shuld never leue in rest.’1
Anne had taken control of the household finances and asked Wolsey to intervene in the matter of her husband’s debt. She was also worried about the negative influence of her husband’s heir, his second cousin, Sir John de Vere – later the 15th earl of Oxford. With the help of her father, the duke of Norfolk, and half-brother, Thomas Howard, then Earl of Surrey, Anne petitioned Henry VIII and in February 1524 an ordinance was enrolled in the court of Chancery to limit John’s control over his household and finances and to improve his behaviour towards Anne. He was to make no grants or annuities without the advice of Cardinal Wolsey. A noble had a duty to manage his lands sensibly, both to preserve them for future generations and as evidence that he was fit for public life.
John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, was warned against keeping wild and riotous company and drinking to excess. He was to moderate his hunting and be caring and considerate of his wife. He was ordered to return to his father-in-law’s household until further notice, his lands placed in Wolsey’s nominal keeping. However, as early as 16 February, Wolsey wrote:
My lorde, the young countess of Oxford has lately returned to the King and Council, alleging that his lordship still keeps her out of possession, although it was supposed that she had entered by force of the King’s writ. A new commandment is sent out to the justices for removing the said force, and restoring her to her former possession. Informs him of it, that he may suffer her to have her … ‘ordinary course and way, whereby your title, possession, nor entry can not … to abide the same to be done by an extraordinary way … by reason whereof further trouble might ensue … to the hindrance of your matter and you.2
Agnes Tilney, Duchess of Norfolk, Anne’s mother
When Anne’s father died in May 1524, she and John probably moved to the household of her half-brother Thomas, now Duke of Norfolk. When the earl of Oxford’s health began to fail in July 1525, he was induced to sign a jointure by the Howards, which passed the bulk of his lands to his wife. He died the following year on 14 July 1526, at just26 years of age. At the time, Anne was living at Castle Camps in Cambridgeshire. She again wrote to Wolsey, advising him of difficulties with her husband’s executors and again asking for his help:
Since she wrote, the executors of the late earl of Oxford have, with much ado, delivered the stuff and plate bequeathed according to the letter directed to them by [Wolsey], but not the 100 marks. They declare they can do no more, and are displeased with Sir Rob. Drowre for being so ready to grant it to [Wolsey]. ‘They squared with him afore me, and now I find him better than the remnant in divers causes; and I desired them to have their advice in ordering my lord’s house, and in other great causes concerning my lord’s business, and they said they would not meddle,’ although they speak fair before [Wolsey]. Regrets to trouble him on this matter considering his great affairs, but has few powerful friends.3
The new earl of Oxford was not happy with the increase to Anne’s jointure, considering the lands that had been passed to her in 1525 to be rightfully his. By 11 August, she was again writing to Wolsey, complaining that the earl had twice broken into her deer park at Lavenham in Suffolk:
Received his letters on Saturday last, when she wrote to inform him of my lord of Oxford’s coming hither. He entered this town about 11 o’clock with 50 horsemen, and Sir John Raynsforthe came the same day with 30 horse. My lord broke open the park, his men entered with their bows ready bent, and killed 17 of her deer. On Tuesday he entered the park with about 500 men, having sent to the neighbouring towns to cause the people to assemble, and they killed 100 deer. The justice of the peace bound him and her to keep the peace, but he has to-day broken open her house at Campys, accompanied with 300 persons, beaten her servants and taken her goods. Asks his and the King’s aid. Lavenham, 11 Aug. Signed: A. Oxynfford.4
Depiction of a medieval hunting park from a 15th-century manuscript version of The Master of Game, MS. Bodley 546 f. 3v
It was probably fortunate for Anne that she was absent from her home when the earl broke in, stole her goods and beat her servants. Had she been present, she may have been the subject of a kidnapping, or worse. Anne was not to give up in the face of such violence, however, and she set the wheels of the law in motion and appealed to her powerful relatives and friends for help. Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, and Henry Courtney, Earl of Devon, were amongst those who appealed to Cardinal Wolsey on Anne’s behalf. She informed Brandon:
The writ she had from Wolsey for Cambridgeshire does not serve her, for the persons at the castle of Campys answered the justices that they would not depart till their master ordered them. The justices did not think they could remove them by their own power, or by raising the country, without greatly disturbing the King’s peace. They have proceeded no further in executing the said writ. Sheannot obtain her possessions without his help and her brother’s (Norfolk). Wyttysforthe, 22 Aug.5
In 1528, the king settled Lavenham on Anne, but the earl immediately invaded the park, stole deer and beat the keeper. Anne joined forces with other de Vere relatives, who stood to be disadvantaged by the earl’s claims. The case was brought to arbitration before peers in 1529 when Anne’s jointure was reduced and most of the disputed lands were granted to the earl. The final remnants of the dispute were settled by March 1532. Anne lived quietly in Cambridgeshire afterwards, occasionally visiting London and the court. She was at the coronation of her half niece Anne Boleyn in 1533 and was one of the mourners at Catherine of Aragon’s funeral in 1536 and at that of Jane Seymour in 1537. In 1541, on the arrest of her mother and her sister Katherine, Countess of Bridgewater, for misprision of treason following the discovery of the adulteries of her niece Katherine Howard, Anne was given custody of her niece Agnes ap Rhys, daughter of her sister Katherine.
Described as a woman of great wit, Anne was faced with a number of lawsuits later in life from servants and tenants. One servant complained that she had taken against him after fourteen years of service, not only dismissing him from her service but also ‘expelling him unlawfully from the land and tenement he was leasing from her, stolen livestock from him, put a new lock on his cottage, and taken a number of loads of hay, and all of the rye that was growing.’6 Unfortunately, we do not have the outcomes of any of the cases brought against Anne, but they do perhaps demonstrate that she was having difficulty managing her estates later in life.
Anne died in early 1559, and although we do not have a will, the diarist Henry Machyn recorded the transport of her hearse to Lambeth and her funeral at the Church of St Mary’s in Lambeth, where she was buried in the Howard family chapel.
A print of St Mary’s church, Lambeth, nin 1851 following its restoration
The xvij day of Feybruary was a herse of wax [erected] gorgyously, with armes, a ix dosen penselles and armes, [for the] old lade contes of Oxford, the syster to the old Thomas [duke of] Norffoke, at Lambeth… The xxj day of Feybruary my lade was browth in-to Lambethe chyrche for the qwer and dobull reylyd, and hangyd with blake and armes; and she had iiij goodly whyt branchys and ij dosen of grett stayffes torchys, and ij haroldes of armes, master Garter and master Clarenshus, in ther cotte armurs; a-for a grett baner of armes, and iiij baners rolles, and iiij baners of santtes; and then cam the corsse, and after morners; the chyff morner was my lade chamberlen Haward, and dyvers odur of men (and) women; and after durge done to the dukes plasse; and the morow, masse of requiem done, my lade was bered a-for the he awtter.22
Anne de Vere, Countess of Oxford, had proved herself capable of defending her rights and property by using her wit and connections in order to solicit the support she needed to combat her husband’s profligacy. That she did not win out entirely against her husband’s successor is perhaps more a demonstration of the establishment’s desire to preserve earldoms with all their land, rather than of any failing on Anne’s part. Anne did prove that estate management was not the preserve of men!
Images:
Courtesy of Wikipedia
Notes:
1. TNA SP1/27, fols. 154v–155 quoted in Nicola Clark, ‘Vere [née Howard] Anne de, countess of Oxford’; 2. ‘Henry VIII: February 1524, 16-28’, in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 4, 1524-1530, ed. J S Brewer (London, 1875), pp. 41-58. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol4/pp41-58 [accessed 6 April 2023]; 3. ibid; 4. ibid; 5. ibid; 6. Nicola Clark, ‘Vere [née Howard] Anne de, countess of Oxford’; 7. ‘Diary: 1559 (Jan-Jun)’, in The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, 1550-1563, ed. J G Nichols (London, 1848), pp. 184-201. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol42/pp184-201 [accessed 6 April 2023].
Select Bibliography:
Nicola Clark, ‘Vere [née Howard] Anne de, countess of Oxford’; Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 4, 1524-1530, ed. J S Brewer; The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, 1550-1563, ed. J G Nichols; Amy, The Sixteenth Century in 100 Women; David Loades, editor, Chronicles of the Tudor Kings: The Tudor Dynasty from 1485 to 1553: Henry VII, Henry VIII and Edward VI in the Words of their Contemporaries; Elizabeth Norton, The Lives of Tudor Women; Victoria Sylvia Evans, Ladies-in-Waiting: Women who Served at the Tudor Court; Claiden-Yardley, Kirsten, The Man Behind the Tudors: Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk; Gareth Russell, Young & Damned & Fair: The Life and Tragedy of CatherineHoward at the Court of Henry VIII; Josephine Wilkinson, Katherine Howard: The Tragic Story of Henry VIII’s Fifth Queen
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My Books:
Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.
Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens
Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.
Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK.Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon.
Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.
Podcast:
Have a listen to theA Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved. Our latest episode is a fascinating discussion with Dr Ian Mortimer about the speed of travel and communications in medieval times. Definitely worth a listen!
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Don’t forget!Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.
For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.
Today, it is a pleasure to welcome Aimee Fleming to History…the Interesting Bits. Aimee’s first book, The Female Tudor Scholar and Writer: The Life and Times of Margaret More Roper came out earlier this year. Now, Margaret Roper, the daughter of Sir Thomas More, did appear in my own Heroines of the Tudor World, as a true Literary Heroine, but Aimee covers her in much greater detail. She is a fascinating character and it is about time that this remarkable woman gets her own biography.
So, I will leave it to Aimee to give you an introduction….
Margaret More Roper
Margaret More Roper is mostly known simply for being the eldest daughter of the stateman Sir Thomas More, and his influence on her is undeniable. However, she, alongside the rest of her extensive family, was important as an individual and for an array of different reasons.
Her Education
Margaret Roper
Thomas More, unusually for the time, insisted that his whole family received an education in a wide range of subjects. The range was far wider that traditionally given, and saw all of the children, including the girls, learn about classics, languages, and other subjects, in what came to be known as ‘The More School’. From the age of six or seven, when it was normal for the children to start their education, Margaret and her siblings were taught by tutors and others who came into the house and it was all overseen and coordinated by Thomas himself.
Margaret was the eldest, and from an early age she showed an aptitude for learning; for languages and for writing generally. However, all the girls all learned mathematics and there are references to Margaret Giggs, the ward of the More family who grew up alongside Margaret and her sisters, having a ‘algorism stone’ for use in mathematical calculations. Astronomy was a particularly popular subject for the girls and in a letter home, Thomas writes about how they,
‘…are so far advances in that science that you can point out the pole-star or the dog star or any of the constellations.’
The example set by the More school would go on to influence several other families who would loom large in Tudor history. The Grey sisters (one of whom was Queen Jane) and the Cooke sisters, and also Katherine Parr, Henry VIII’s sixth Queen, would all receive a broader education that women had traditionally done beforehand. Even Henry VIII himself was convinced by his friend’s activities and gave Princesses Mary and Elizabeth and education in the same fashion. All of this was influenced by what was seen of the More sisters, particularly Margaret.
Her Writing
Sir Thomas More his father his household and his descendantsby Rowland Lockey after Hans Holbein the Younger
Margaret’s example particularly came to the fore as she got older and began to build a reputation through her scholarly work. In 1524 she translated and then published her ‘Devout Treatise on the Paternoster’, a translation of Erasmus’s Precatio Domenica, a study of the Lord’s Prayer.
While Margaret’s name does not appear overtly on the cover her identity was simple to figure out for those who were familiar with Sir Thomas and his family. The cover reads,
‘A devout treatise upon the Paternoster made fyrst in latyn by the moost famous doctour mayster Erasmus Roterodamus and tourned into englisshe by a young vertuous and well lerned gentylwoman of nineteen yere of age.’
The inclusion of details such as her age and other references to her perceived virtuousness, give us an insight into how Margaret was viewed, or wanted to be viewed, for her work. As much as Margaret may have tried to keep her identity away from the work, the Devout Treatise was the first work of this kind published by any woman, and this alone means that Margaret had broken new ground for Tudor women once again.
Her Loyalty
Sir Thomas More and his Daughter by Herbert John Rogers
Perhaps though Margaret is best known for her devotion to her father, and his to her. He referred to her as his ‘Meg’ in their letters to one another, and he wrote constantly while he travelled around Europe while working for King Henry VIII, and also while he was imprisoned in the tower.
While her was in the tower she wrote often to him, but also acted as his advocate, negotiating to make his conditions more comfortable, ensuring he had his books and writing things, as well as better food and access to doctors when he was ill. During his imprisonment it was Margaret who visited him often and helped him to write down his version of events.
After his death her dedication to him continued when she retrieved his head from it’s spike on London Bridge. This was at great personal risk and when it was discovered that she had done this, she was brought to appear before the king’s council. According to Thomas Stapleton she defended herself by saying that she,
‘had saved her father’s head from being devoured by the fishes and with theintention of burying it.’
When Margaret died the head was to be buried with her, and she eventually was laid to rest, next to her husband William, in the Roper family crypt in St Dunstan’s Church in Canterbury. In this crypt there is also a head, encased in lead, that is believed to be the head of Sir Thomas More.
Her Legacy
Sir Thomas More
Sir Thomas’s head was not the only thing that Margaret preserved, as after his death she worked to collect and save her father’s work, letters and even some of his belongings. After Margaret’s death in 1544, the collections she had managed to bring together was broken up in an attempt to protect her family from persecution, or even prosecution, for having artefacts belonging to Sir Thomas, a traitor.
However, this collection of work was then used, first by William Roper to write his biography of Sir Thomas More titled ‘A Man of Singular Virtue’. This was the first time Sir Thomas’s life story was written down and in order to write it he referred to the letters, books and documents that his wife had so meticulously curated.
Historians and writers that have followed since have also relied on the same letters and books in order to write and learn about Sir Thomas and the wider world of the Tudor court. None of this research would have been possible had Margaret not worked so hard to preserve her father’s legacy for the generations to come. Without Margaret’s devotion our knowledge of the Tudor world would be severely diminished.
While Margaret can often be overshadowed by her father, or portrayed merely as his loyal, devoted daughter, I believe she deserves a great deal more credit and attention. Her abilities, natural intellect, loyalty and bravery should not be underestimated in their important, and certainly not forgotten.
About the author:
Aimee Fleming is a historian and author from North Yorkshire. She is happily married, with three growing boys and a whole host of pets. She studied history at the University of Wales, Bangor and then later completed a masters in Early Modern History at the University of York as a mature student. She has a passion for history, particularly the Tudors, and worked for over a decade in the heritage industry in a wide variety of roles and historic places.
Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.
Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens
Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.
Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK.Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon.
Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.
Podcast:
Have a listen to theA Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved. Our latest episode is a fascinating discussion with Dr Ian Mortimer about the speed of travel and communications in medieval times. Definitely worth a listen!
*
Don’t forget!Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.
For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.
1338: England has declared war on France, and Jeanette of Kent, cousin to King Edward III, says goodbye to her family and travels overseas with the royal court for the first time. Once in Antwerp, she is captivated by talented household knight Thomas Holland, just as he in turn is powerfully drawn to her.
Although both know their romance is forbidden, their love for each other grows stronger than the danger they face, and they marry in secret. But before they can make their tryst known, Thomas has to leave for war, and in his absence, Jeanette is forced into a second marriage and locked away from the world.
Then Thomas returns, and the real fight begins. As hostile family members battle to keep Jeanette and Thomas apart, the defiant lovers vow to be reunited – whatever the cost…
It is always the sign of a good book if the author can leave me in tears and send me through a range of emotions from beginning to end. In The Royal Rebel, Elizabeth Chadwick has achieved this and then some!
The controversy over Joan of Kent‘s first marriage is fascinating. There are so many possibilities and connotations. And so much politics! Girls in medieval times were not supposed to choose their own husbands. Marriage was a political alliance for noble families, not a love affair. Romance had nothing to do with it.
The Royal Rebel is the story of the most famous ‘love triangle’ of the14th century. Joan, the daughter of the Earl of Kent, secretly married Thomas Holland, who then went off on crusade for a year. In the mean time, Joan’s mother arranged her daughter’s marriage to William Montague, the heir to the earldom of Salisbury. It was a mutually beneficial marriage. Joan had royal blood, but tainted by the fact her father had been executed. While Montague was the heir to a large earldom but would benefit from a closer connection to the crown. Thomas Holland, on the other hand, was a household knight with few prospects and whose father had been executed for treason. And when he returned from crusading in Eastern Europe, due to financial constraints, he did not immediately lay claim to his wife.
It was a storyline worthy of a modern-day soap opera.
Thomas Holland took his claims that he and Joan were married all the way to Rome. The investigation into the marriage was long, drawn-out legalese, mired in canon law and I did wonder how Elizabeth Chadwick was going to make it interesting. Of course! I needn’t have feared. She draws out the tension, adds in the human element, family dynamics and political considerations and keeps the reader gripped to the very end – even though I already knew the outcome!
The next day, Jeanette [Joan of Kent], Joan, Hawise and several other ladies from the Queen’s chamber gathered to dole out arms to the poor at the monastery gates. Usually, the almoners and designated servants distributed the donations, but today, in thanksgiving, the Queen’s ladies were involved in the task, and as well as the food, small amounts of money and items of clothing were handed out.
Jeanette played her part with a whole heart and a wide and ready smile. She was in charge of dispensing the bread, while Joan ladled pottage into the bowls people had brought them. Thomas and Otto arrived with their retinues to assist and stand guard, and the loaves of bread and jugs of beer were soon emptied, and all the money and clothing gone.
‘Thank you,’ Jeanette said, smiling at Thomas as she gathered up the empty baskets.
‘It has been my pleasure, demoiselle.’
He had brought one of his old hoods and two thick blankets to give away and had provided a small purse of alms money. His manner towards the folk who had come to receive charity had been courteous and good-humoured. Jeanette had noted his common touch which did not detract from the authority he possessed to lead men and maintain his rank. He had tousled a small boy’s hair, and jested with a toothless old woman who had cackled at him with lecherous appreciation, saying if she had been thirty years younger…
Once more, he escorted her and the ladies back to the royal apartments, and carried the baskets himself.
‘You look like a housewife going to market,’ she said, amused and very aware of his presence at her side. Their pace was a saunter, eking out the moment.
‘Looks can be deceptive,’ he replied. ‘It is what lies beneath that matters.’
He leaned a little towards her, and Jeanette’s breath shortened.
‘Then I suppose that like all truth it is buried, and must be sought by diligent investigation,’ she said pertly, giving as good as she got, and was rewarded by a flash of his grin.
‘I have always found that to be the case, demoiselle,’ he said, as they came to the Queen’s door. ‘And usually well rewarded.’
The Royal Rebel by Elizabeth Chadwick is no mere romance. It is the story of a trying decade in the reign of Edward III. Just as he embarks on the Hundred Years War with France (I wonder if he would have been so keen, if someone had told him the war’s eventual name?), plague ravages Europe and the court is gripped by the scandal of Joan’, Thomas and William’s marital situation. The detail is impressive.
Elizabeth Chadwick is moving into a period new to her, the late medieval; away from the 12th and 13th centuries of which she is so familiar. Not that you would know it. Her research has been meticulous and her attention to detail, to the dress and customs of the period, is second-to-none. Elizabeth Chadwick has really thought about the circumstances involving the clandestine marriage of Joan of Kent and Tomas Holland – and the very public marriage of Joan and Willian Montague. And how all this came about! The plot is intricate but entirely plausible and answers several questions around the actions of the parties involved.
The Royal Rebel also highlights the quandary over inheritance that would always hang over Joan’s marriage to Montague whilst the question mark remained over the validity of their marriage. Would any children have even been legitimate? Joan’s frustrations over her treatment is palpable; not being allowed to be with her true husband, being ignored by her elders, not being believed and even being prevented from freely giving her testimony in the court case. The Salisburys even locked her up!
The Royal Rebel by Elizabeth Chadwick is not just a good read, it is an experience of life in the mid-14th century and not to be missed.
The Royal Rebel by Elizabeth Chadwick is most definitely among my Top 5 books of 2024. I cannot recommend it highly enough!
To Buy the Book:
The Royal Rebel by Elizabeth Chadwick is now available from Amazon and all good bookshops.
About the Author:
New York Times bestselling author Elizabeth Chadwick lives in a cottage in the Vale of Belvoir in Nottinghamshire with her husband and their three dogs. Her first novel, The Wild Hunt, won a Betty Trask Award, To Defy a King won the Romantic Novelist Association’s Historical Novel Prize and The Scarlet Lion was nominated by Richard Lee – founder of the Historical Novel Society – as one of the top ten historical novels of the last decade. She often lectures at conferences and historical venues, has been consulted for television documentaries and is a member of the Royal Historical Society.
Keep in touch with Elizabeth via her website, her blogs or on social media.
Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.
Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens
Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.
Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK.Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon.
Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.
Podcast:
Have a listen to theA Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved, including Elizabeth Chadwick discussing her writing of The Royal Rebel as a guest for the 2024 HNS Conference’s Writing Medieval panel, alongside Matthew Harffy and David Gilman.
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Don’t forget!Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.
For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.
If you have visited the British Library’s latest exhibition, Medieval Women: In Their Own Words, you may have spotted the work of Marie de France. Marie was a poet in the late 12th century, who wrote three major works that can be definitively attributed to her, even though we don’t know who she was. All that is left of Marie is her work, and the vague notion that she comes from France, because she wrote in her Fables ‘Marie ai num, si sui de France’.1 The traditional view is that Marie was a Frenchwoman writing at the court of Henry II of England based on the fact that if she was writing in France, she wouldn’t have to say that she was from that country. However, France in the 12th century was far from one unified, indivisible country. In fact, it was a series of counties and duchies with their own rulers, who paid homage to the King of France; the French king’s own domains at the time were the Île-de- France, which incorporated Paris and its environs.
Another argument for Marie writing in England, is that her lais, her poetic verses, were dedicated to a ‘noble reis’, or ‘noble king’, and this is thought to be Henry II of England. However, it could just as easily been intended for Louis VII of France, or his son Philip II Augustus. In turn the Fables, an adaptation of Aesop’s Fables, were dedicated to a nobleman she identifies as ‘Count William’. There were several earls in England at the time who were named William, including William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke; William Longspée, Earl of Salisbury; and William Mandeville, Earl of Essex; or even the son of King Stephen, William of Blois, Earl of Warenne and Surrey. However, William was a common name at the time, even on the Continent, where you could find many a Guillaume.
Everything we think we know about who Marie was is pure conjecture. It has even been suggested that she was the illegitimate daughter of Geoffrey of Anjou, father of Henry II, and therefore a half-sister of Henry. She has also been variously identified as a nun at Reading Abbey, the abbess of Shaftesbury between 1181 and 1216, and Marie de Meulan, wife of Hugh Talbot of Cleuville.2 We do know that Marie had a knowledge of Latin and English, and a familiarity with the works of Ovid and Wace’s Brut, and wrote in an Anglo-Norman French.
“Marie de France presents her book of poems to Henry II of England” by Charles Abraham Chasselat
Her works have been dated to the second half of the 12th century, with her poetry, the lais, dating between 1160 and 1199, the Fables between 1160 and 1190, and her last work, the Espurgatoire, has been dated to after 1189 and possibly as late as 1215.3L’Espurgatoire Seint Patriz (The Purgatory of St Patrick) is believed to have been written after 1189 as it appears to have been heavily reliant on the Latin text of Henry of Saltrey as her source, which was published around 1185. L’Espurgatoire is dedicated to ‘H. abbot of Sartis’, who may have been Hugh, Abbot of Wardon Abbey, in Bedfordshire, between 1173 and 1185 or 1186; the abbey was originally named St Mary de Sartis.4 The only surviving manuscript of this treatise is now stored in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
The lais were a series of twelve poems, many of which were drawn from Celtic legends. Only one is based on Arthurian legends, specifically the story of the lovers, Tristan and Iseult. Many of the lais were translated into Old Norse in the 13th century, while two, Lanval and Le Fresne were translated and adapted into Middle English in the 14th century. The lais were narratives, written in verse and intended to be set to music. One such included the lines; ‘when a good thing is well known, it flowers for the first time, and when it is praised by many, its flowers have blossomed.’5
Marie’s stories included fairy mistresses, twins separated at birth, and one relating the troubles of the wife of a werewolf. Her lais explored love and conflicting loyalties; they dealt with the issues of courtly behaviour and documented the struggles to fulfil the conflicting aims of individual needs and cultural expectations. They varied in length, with the shortest, Chevrefoil, having 118 lines and the longest, Eliduc, comprising 1,184 lines; this last was the story of a wife having to adapt when her husband brings home a second wife.
The Woman and the Wolf in Marie de France’s “Bisclavret”
Marie’s collection of Fables, known as Ysopets in French and written for the mysterious ‘Count William’, are based on the older Aesop’s Fables, from antiquity, but she also adapted and added to the original stories. The Fables, a rhyming collection of works, demonstrate Marie’s concern for the well-being of the lower classes and the poor, criticising the political and social conditions of the time. Her work was widely read and influential; the fable Del cok e del gupil (The Cock and the Fox) is one of the inspirations for Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Nun’s Priest’s Tale, written in the 15th century. Marie ends The Fables with an epilogue, in which she includes a plea to be remembered,
To end these tales I’ve here narrated And into Romance tongue translate, I’ll give my name for memory: I am from France, my name’s Marie. And it may hap that many a clerk Will claim as his what is my work. But such pronouncements I want not! It’s folly to become forgot!6
Wherever she came from, geographically and socially, Marie de France was a keen observer of the social undercurrents of the time, incorporating them into her Lais and Fables. And we cannot say for certain that her work was produced in England, at the English court. With the Anglo-Norman empire stretching from the borders of Scotland to the borders of Spain she may have travelled within Henry II’s domains, but not necessarily with the court. Although we have few clues to her identity and origins, at least we have her works – her poetry through which she has lived on for more than eight centuries.
Notes:
1. ‘My name is Marie and I am from France’, quoted in Rethinking Marie by Dinah Hazell; 2. Marie (fl. c.1180–c.1189) (article) by Tony Hunt; 3. Rethinking Marie by Dinah Hazell 4. Marie (fl. c.1180–c.1189) (article) by Tony Hunt; 5. The Plantagenet Chronicles edited by Elizabeth Hallam; 6. Translated from; ‘Al finement de cest escrit, Que en romanz ai treité e dit, Me numerai pur remembrance: Marie ai num, si sui de France. Put cel ester que clerc plusur Prendreient sur eus mun labur. No voil que nul sur li le die! E il fet que fol ki sei ublie!’ Taken from Marie de France: Fables, edited and translated by Harriet Spiegel.
Images: Courtesy of Wikipedia
Sources:
Marie de France: Fables, edited and translated by Harriet Spiegel; Dinah Hazell, Rethinking Marie, (article) sfsu.edu; Tony Hunt, Marie (fl. c.1180–c.1189) (article), ODNB; Elizabeth Hallam, editor, The Plantagenet Chronicles; The Plantagenets, the Kings who Made England by Dan Jones; History Today Companion to British History Edited by Juliet Gardiner and Neil Wenborn; he Plantagenets, the Kings that made Britain by Derek Wilson; England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings by Robert Bartlett; Roy Strong The Story of Britain.
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My Books:
Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.
Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens
Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.
Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. Heroines of the Tudor World is now available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK.Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how Empress Matilda and Matilda of Boulogne, unable to wield a sword themselves, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It shows how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other. Available from Bookshop.org, Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK. King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is the story of a truly remarkable lady, the hereditary constable of Lincoln Castle and the first woman in England to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Available from all good bookshops Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon.
Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.
Podcast:
Have a listen to theA Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved.
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Don’t forget!Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online bookshop.
For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.
This week, I have had the distinct pleasure of chatting with author and historian Gemma Hollman about her new book, Women in the Middle Ages: Illuminating the World of Peasants, Nuns, and Queen.
I cannot wait to get my hands on this book!
Sharon: Tell me about your new book, Women in the Middle Ages: Illuminating the World of Peasants, Nuns, and Queens
Gemma:The book is an illustrated history which aims to shed light on the lives of medieval women. Focusing on roughly 500 years, from 1000 – 1500, I take a look at European women from all levels of society. By using surviving artwork, we see what the visual record can tell us about these women that might be lost in the written record. We often have this idea that the medieval period was a male-dominated world, with women at the sidelines, but this is not quite the case and art is an excellent place to see this. Women appear everywhere in it, but they were also very often the makers of it, too. Women ran households, worked in taverns and textile hubs, invested money in businesses, created books and paintings, saved souls through their prayers and ruled countries. And in a visually-dominated culture, where the majority of people were illiterate, women were able to leave their mark on tapestries, manuscripts, beads, bowls, and more. The book is hopefully a marvellous romp through time with something for anyone, whether it’s your first time learning about medieval women, or the hundredth book you’ve read.
Sharon: What inspired you to write the book?
Gemma: My first two books were biographies, and I already had a vision for my third book as another biography, but I was also keen to do something more general. I was pondering how to do this, when a contact at Abbeville Press got in touch with me and let me know they were wanting to publish an art book centred on medieval women. This immediately sparked dozens of ideas in my head, and a chat with my future editor revealed that we had very similar visions for the book. It seemed like the perfect opportunity to dive in, and I relished the idea of doing such an image-heavy book. There are so many beautiful objects and artworks from the medieval period that I haven’t had the chance to showcase in my previous books, and I was excited to learn something new myself. I didn’t want to regret turning it down, so I didn’t!
Sharon: Do you have a favourite woman you highlighted in the book?
Tamar of Georgia
Gemma:Oh gosh, that’s such a difficult question because there are so many featured within! I don’t know that I can pick just one, but certainly one of my favourite stories is that of Astrid, Gunnvor and the Dynna Stone. The Dynna Stone is an 11th century runestone from Norway that commemorates a woman named Astrid. It was erected in her memory by her mother, Gunnvor, and commemorates Astrid as “the handiest maiden in Hadeland”, suggesting Astrid was skilled at some kind of craft. We know little else about the two women, but the runestone is also important as being one of the earliest instances of Christian pictorial art in the country. In a book about medieval women and art, having an object commissioned by a woman for her daughter, who may also have been an artist of some form, is really special.
Sharon: Who was the hardest person to write about?
Gemma:I don’t know that I struggled so much to write about a particular person – I cover so many countries and centuries that there was always someone you could find – but more particular groups of people. Being someone who specialises much more on Western Europe, it was easy to think of examples of significant people to write about, but I was keen that the book would make sure to cover as much of Europe as possible, and so I sometimes had to do some real digging to find an example of a woman who fit in with what I was talking about from different regions. In the same vein, it was sometimes tricky finding specific examples of women to use in my Peasants and Professionals section. Although we do know the names of some craftswomen from the later Middle Ages, due to increased record-keeping, finding names of ordinary, lower-class women is really, really difficult. There were often few reasons for these women to turn up in the written record. This is, of course, where the art was an excellent filler, as we at least have visual representations of them, but it was almost impossible to tell individual stories of particular women in the same way as in other chapters.
Sharon: Did you come across a particularly interesting or obscure character?
Gemma:One woman who really struck a chord with me was Marietta Barovier, who was part of a well-known Venetian glassmaking family. Her father had invented cristallo glass, and had clearly given equal weighting to the talents of his daughter as well as his son. When he died, he bestowed his workshop to his two children jointly. Marietta gained a significant reputation of her own, and in the 1480s she invented the rosette or chevron bead, which became an iconic Venetian glass bead. Women in Italy were in many ways more restricted in the world of work than other women in Europe, and yet here you have a woman who was not only allowed equal inheritance, but became famous in her own right for her exceptional skill.
Sharon: Was there a particular image or manuscript that struck you?
Margaret von Zurich
Gemma:Another difficult question as there are so many wonderful images! I think I’ll go with a simple little manuscript initial from a German nunnery. The picture shows a nun named Margaret von Zurich bathing the Christ Child in a barrel bath. It’s a very simple, small drawing, with some beautiful colour, and to modern eyes it is nothing extraordinary. But this small picture is actually incredibly subversive. The Catholic Church had forbidden women from touching Christ, and so not only was Margaret’s vision dangerous, but so was the recording of it in a manuscript. Religious women in Europe were often at the spearhead of reform and religious fervour, and this small drawing really succinctly demonstrates that.
Sharon: Did you have to leave anyone out through time constraints, lack of images or word count? If so, who?
Gemma: Oh, most certainly! The book is not very long by history book standards, and yet it aims to cover a continent and five centuries of history! I could have written so, so much more and there are always people you wish you could include or expand upon but can’t. In the early days of writing and researching, I realised I needed to find a way to narrow the scope a little to make the book somewhat more manageable, and so I made the decision to focus on Catholic Europe, which thus excluded many eastern countries. This was a disappointment as one woman I wrote about in a sample chapter was Queen Tamar of Georgia. She ruled from 1184 to 1213 and was the first woman to rule the country in her own right. Despite early objections to her reign, her time as queen went on to be seen as a Golden Age, and her story is so fascinating. It was a shame to have to cut her out, but maybe she can find her way in to a future project of mine!
Sharon:What was your biggest challenge when writing about women in history?
Dynna Stone
Gemma: I think for this book in particular, it was trying to correctly balance what women did, with what people at the time thought about what women did. There was a lot of misogyny in the Middle Ages and so lots of written sources or pieces of art criticise women for working too much, for being too involved in politics, for being too promiscuous, for being too…. But we also have to remember that just a fraction of what existed in the medieval period has survived to today, and the people creating these sources were sometimes the very people most likely to criticise women – monks sequestered away from the world, courtiers who didn’t like submitting to female authority, and so on. And so just because we might have some of these thoughts that have made it to today, it doesn’t mean that everyone or even the majority of people thought that. You don’t want to belittle the struggles that women at the time went through; some women did lose their kingdoms because people wanted a male ruler instead, and some peasant women who had to work in taverns to support their families were derided as prostitutes. But those female leaders also had thousands of men willing to fight for them, and there were popular ballads and texts that praised women for all the hard work they did to keep their families afloat. And you also want to try and avoid praising certain women for their exceptionalism, especially when some of their contemporaries used exceptionalism as back-handed compliments, a way to deride the rest of the female sex.
Sharon:What are you working on now?
Gemma:I am now busy getting started on my next book! I’ve gone back to England and will be looking at the court of Richard II, and I’m really excited to see which threads I’ll choose to pull at. It’s such an interesting and tumultuous reign, there is plenty to choose from! But I am definitely keen to return to a similar style book as Women in the Middle Ages in the future so my mind is already whirring with possibilities…
You can buy Women in the Middle Ages: Illuminating the World of Peasants, Nuns, and Queen in the UK from Waterstones and Amazon. And in the US from Barnes & Noble and Amazon.
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My Books:
Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online store.
OUT NOW! Heroines of the Tudor World
Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. These are the women who made a difference, who influenced countries, kings and the Reformation. In the era dominated by the Renaissance and Reformation, Heroines of the Tudor World examines the threats and challenges faced by the women of the era, and how they overcame them. From writers to regents, from nuns to queens, Heroines of the Tudor World shines the spotlight on the women helped to shape Early Modern Europe.
Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens
Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.
Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.
Podcast:
Have a listen to Gemma talking about the two women in the life of Edward III on the A Slice of Medievalpodcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks.
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Don’t forget!Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online store.
For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.
You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter, Threadsand Instagram.
Today, it is a pleasure to welcome my friend Maxine Sommer back to History…the Interesting Bits. This summer, Maxine led a tour group of History fans through France in search of the Plantagenets, stopping at some iconic landmarks associated with Henry II, Eleanor of Aquitaine and the rest of the most famous – and at times, infamous – medieval royal family.
Over to Maxine….
In the Footsteps of Royalty: Exploring the Plantagenets on Our First Historic Adventure
“Journeying Through Medieval Masterpieces and Iconic Landmarks”
Château Gaillard: A Castle of Triumph and Tragedy
Château Gaillard
From day one, we dove into history headfirst with a visit to the imposing ruins of Château Gaillard. Though often hailed as Richard the Lionheart’s crowning achievement, this fortress holds layers of much more history than that. In 1314, it became the prison of two daughters-in-law of King Philip IV, key figures in the infamous Tour de Nesle Affair, a scandal that rocked the French court. A couple of decades later, the castle played host to Scotland’s child king, David II, and his bride, offering a royal respite before his return to reclaim his kingdom.
With the help of our brilliant guide Ange, we traced the rise and fall of Chateau Gaillard, from its hasty construction under Richard I to its swift capture by King Philip Augustus of France after John’s ill-fated reign. Standing among the weathered stone walls, it was easy to imagine its days of glory and power, but also to understand how quickly a once-unstoppable fortress could be toppled under weaker leadership. Chateau Gaillard’s story is not just one of medieval might but also a reminder of the delicate balance of power that shaped the Plantagenet era.
The Magnificent Bayeux Tapestry: A Stitch in Time
Though the Bayeux Tapestry predates the Plantagenets by nearly a century, it remains an essential highlight for anyone captivated by the medieval period. No amount of reading can prepare you for the sheer grandeur of this stunning masterpiece, meticulously crafted by hand to narrate the dramatic lead-up to the Norman invasion of England. The vibrant details leap to life, showcasing a vivid display that is nothing short of extraordinary.
One moment that particularly struck me was a scene depicting King Harold’s hasty departure for Normandy—his men, so rushed, they left without their shoes, splashing barefoot through the water as they headed to their ships. It’s these small yet poignant details that bring the narrative to life, showcasing the dedication of the women who painstakingly wove this epic tale.
Beyond the tapestry itself, the adjoining museum is a treasure trove of information, shedding light not just on this remarkable artifact but also on the broader historical context of the era. Visiting the Bayeux Tapestry is an unforgettable experience that will truly immerse you in the rich history of Normandy.
Mont Saint-Michel: A Dreamlike Retreat
Mont St Michel
This tidal island certainly lives up to its UNESCO World Heritage status, sadly though, as with most sites like this, the allure of their fame can bring overwhelming crowds, making it challenging to fully appreciate their beauty. To create an unforgettable experience for my group, I arranged for us to stay overnight on the island—a decision that transformed our visit into something truly magical. As the day’s tourists departed, we found ourselves wandering the winding paths of Mont Saint-Michel in peaceful solitude. The island’s enchanting atmosphere became even more pronounced as twilight descended, allowing us to immerse ourselves in its rich history without the jostle of crowds.
The journey across the causeway to Mont Saint-Michel feels like a step back in time, as the abbey loomed larger, the closer we got to the gate. Approaching the island in this way adds to the otherworldly feeling, transporting you to a different realm entirely.
One of my guests, Dianne, perfectly captured the essence of our experience in her review: “The highlight for me was staying overnight on the island of Mont Saint-Michel. I will never forget watching the sun come up and the light making the abbey glow.” Her words echo the indescribable wonder we all felt, creating memories that will last a lifetime.
Fontevraud Abbey: Where History, Serenity, and Culinary Splendour Meet
Queen Eleanor at the Abbey
For anyone captivated by the Plantagenets, a visit to Fontevraud Abbey—final resting place of the indomitable Eleanor of Aquitaine—is often a dream come true. Several of my group members had long wished to stand before her effigy, so it was clear that this site would be a highlight of our tour. Yet, what awaited us at Fontevraud far exceeded expectations.
Our stay at Fontevraud l’Hôtel, situated within the abbey grounds, offered the unique luxury of exploring the abbey well into the night, with its tranquil beauty only deepening as the moonlight bathed its ancient stones. But what truly made this visit unforgettable was the dining experience. I selected the abbey’s famed “lunar menu,” a modern interpretation of the simple yet refined meals once enjoyed by the monks and nuns who lived here centuries ago. What followed was a culinary journey that transcended time—an extraordinary feast of countless, artfully prepared courses that delighted the senses.
To top it all off, we were treated to a special visit from “Queen Eleanor” herself, brought to life by our talented group member Donna in costume, creating an enchanting atmosphere that perfectly rounded out our unforgettable night at the Abbey.
Guédelon: A Medieval Masterpiece in the Making
Guedelon Medieval Site
Though its connection to the Plantagenets lies only in the era, Guédelon captivated us with its sheer ambition and authenticity. This extraordinary project, set within an unused quarry, is an ongoing attempt to build a 13th-century castle using only the materials and techniques of the medieval period. It was like stepping back in time—without the school excursion chaos! We had the chance to speak with the craftsmen, each dedicated to recreating history one stone at a time. It’s mind-boggling to witness the painstaking effort that goes into building each section of the castle by hand, giving us a new appreciation for the scale of historical construction.
As we walked through Guédelon, I couldn’t help but reflect on Château Gaillard, which we visited earlier in the tour—a fortress that Richard the Lionheart had built in just two years. While Richard’s team had far more manpower in 1196, the ongoing construction of Guédelon, which began in 1997, has taken 27 years and is still far from complete.
Adding to the authenticity, the village that houses the volunteers lives strictly by 13th-century standards. They grow their own food, dress in period-appropriate clothing, and cook using medieval techniques. It’s a living glimpse into the past and an absolute must-visit for history enthusiasts.
“Unraveling the Tales of an Intriguing Plantagenet Legacy”
Richard I, the Lionheart
Château Châlus-Chabrol
A Plantagenet-themed tour through France wouldn’t be complete without constant references to the Angevins. Unsurprisingly, Richard the Lionheart was a recurring figure throughout our journey, from the stunning ruins of Château Gaillard—Richard’s pride and joy—to his embalmed heart at Rouen Cathedral, and finally to Château Châlus-Chabrol, where he met his end after receiving a fatal crossbow wound. Along the way, there were lively debates about his merits as a king and husband, discussions that seemed to spill over into several coach rides and castle visits!
But the most amusing conversation of all came after our visit to Château Châlus-Chabrol. According to local legend, Richard’s entrails were buried in the chapel of the castle where he died, the very castle he had been besieging when he was fatally wounded. As we travelled on, our group began to ponder this curious story—if Richard was the enemy, how likely was it that the castle’s defenders would have invited him into their chapel to die comfortably by the fire? Surely, the reality was less cozy than that! This debate sparked plenty of laughs and camaraderie, as we cheerfully unraveled the mystery of Richard’s final days. It was moments like this that truly made the tour so memorable, blending history with humour and shared insights.
Henry II
Chinon Castle
On the evening of Day 4, just outside Poitiers, I arranged a lively group discussion before dinner, with the spotlight on none other than Henry II. The topic was particularly fitting after our earlier visit to the impressive Chinon Castle, a stronghold that played a key role in his reign. Over a glass or two of wine, our conversation quickly sparked debates about the enigmatic first Plantagenet king.
For many, Henry II is synonymous with the infamous murder of Thomas Becket in December 1170—a crime that shocked Europe, with Becket killed on the very floor of Canterbury Cathedral. Henry’s tumultuous relationships with his sons, often called the ‘Devil’s Brood,’ and the long imprisonment of his formidable wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, have painted a rather dark image of him in the pages of history. And yet, I have a dear friend who defends Henry passionately, believing history has judged him too harshly. This made me eager to hear the views of my group.
I was not disappointed. What followed was a fascinating and animated discussion about Henry’s complexity, revealing both his flaws and strengths. Like many moments on our journey, everyone felt welcome to share their opinions, creating a warm and open exchange that deepened our collective understanding of this remarkable, yet often misunderstood, king.
The Hundred Years’ War
Group discussion: Hundred Years’ War
Beyond the Angevins, one of the most pivotal topics of our journey through France was the prolonged struggle for the French crown between the Plantagenet kings of England and the Valois kings of France, famously known as The Hundred Years’ War. This conflict defined a significant part of Plantagenet history in France, so I was especially excited to organize another pre-dinner group discussion on Day 8.
I am sure most of the group had read accounts of this struggle from an English perspective, however I was curious to explore its impact on the French people. Now, what better way to do that, than by hearing the insights of our
exceptional guide, Ange, a native Frenchman, who provided a fresh and compelling view of the war from the French side. His perspective gave us a different and not unbalanced understanding of this conflict.
It’s not often us history ‘nerds’ can engage in such thoughtful debates over a glass of wine, and this particular evening felt like another one of those perfect moments of camaraderie and learning that made our journey so incredible.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Great Hall at Poitiers
No 10-night Plantagenet-themed tour through France would be complete without a deep dive into the life of the most remarkable queen of them all, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Our journey took us to some of the most significant places in her life, from the serene beauty of Fontevraud Abbey, where we had the privilege of visiting her effigy and reflecting on her final days, to the lively city of Poitiers, where she held court with unmatched influence for so many years.
We also ventured to Bordeaux, a region now synonymous with world-class wine, a commodity that owes much of its early prominence to Eleanor’s marriage to Henry, Duke of Normandy—later Henry II of England. Despite the challenges and turbulence of their union, the marriage of these two dynamic figures laid the foundation for a dynasty that ruled for 331 years.
Our discussions about Eleanor were as vibrant as her extraordinary life. From her imprisonment at the hands of her own husband to her daring voyages to the Holy Land—one of which took place when she was nearly 70 years old—we marveled at her resilience and power. And finally, we reflected on the peace she found at Fontevraud, where she spent her final days in quiet reflection at the abbey she so loved.
I hope you’ve enjoyed this glimpse into our amazing journey. For more stories and discoveries from my first tour, visit my blog and uncover all the memorable experiences we shared beyond just mere history: plantagenetdiscoveries.com.
We’re gearing up for the next adventure in July, and you won’t want to miss it! Mention this article when you reach out http://www.plantagenetdiscoveries.com/contact for an exclusive discount—I’d love to welcome you on board for our next historical journey.
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My Books:
Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online store.
OUT NOW! Heroines of the Tudor World
Heroines of the Tudor World tells the stories of the most remarkable women from European history in the time of the Tudor dynasty, 1485-1603. These are the women who ruled, the women who founded dynasties, the women who fought for religious freedom, their families and love. These are the women who made a difference, who influenced countries, kings and the Reformation. In the era dominated by the Renaissance and Reformation, Heroines of the Tudor World examines the threats and challenges faced by the women of the era, and how they overcame them. From writers to regents, from nuns to queens, Heroines of the Tudor World shines the spotlight on the women helped to shape Early Modern Europe.
Coming 30 January 2025: Scotland’s Medieval Queens
Scotland’s history is dramatic, violent and bloody. Being England’s northern neighbour has never been easy. Scotland’s queens have had to deal with war, murder, imprisonment, political rivalries and open betrayal. They have loved and lost, raised kings and queens, ruled and died for Scotland. From St Margaret, who became one of the patron saints of Scotland, to Elizabeth de Burgh and the dramatic story of the Scottish Wars of Independence, to the love story and tragedy of Joan Beaufort, to Margaret of Denmark and the dawn of the Renaissance, Scotland’s Medieval Queens have seen it all. This is the story of Scotland through their eyes.
Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.
Podcast:
Have a listen to theA Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved.
*
Don’t forget!Signed and dedicated copies of all my books are available through my online store.
For forthcoming online and in-person talks, please check out my Events Page.
You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter, Threadsand Instagram.
Today it is a pleasure to welcome my good friend, Kasia Ogrodnik to History…the Interesting Bits with a little bit of Polish history for us. I have been wanting to tell the story of King Jadwiga since writing about her in Heroines of the Medieval World. But Kasia is far better qualified to write about her compatriot, Poland’s famous female king and saint, and Jadwiga’s influential female relatives.
So, over to Kasia…
Empresses, Saints and Female-Kings: The Four Great-Granddaughters of King Ladislaus the Elbow-High
Charles IV, King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Schweidnitz [Anna Świdnicka], c. 1357, Chapel of St. Katherine, Karlstejn
The night of 19 May 1365 saw a young girl leaving Pisa on horseback. With her hair loose, clad only in her nightgown she was galloping to safety after fire broke out in Palazzo degli Anziani. Judging by her looks no one would have guessed this girl was in fact Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Bohemia.
Anna of Schweidnitz, Silesia (today Poland), was the only child of Duke Henry II, the grandson of King Ladislaus the Elbow-High of Cracow (Poland). Upon her father’s death she was placed under the care of his elder brother, her uncle, Bolko II the Small. The ruler of the small, but politically important duchy, Bolko was the last independent Silesian Piast. Since Charles IV of Luxembourg intended to annex the entirety of Silesia to the Kingdom of Bohemia, Bolko’s duchy, being the only missing part, was crucial to his plans. To secure the Schweidnitz inheritance Charles married Anna and this is how her journey began. Of course, she was not the only great-granddaughter of King Ladislaus to make an illustrious career. His three other great-granddaughters were to leave their marks on the world, too, and indelible ones. Two of them were to be crowned ”kings” and one proclaimed saint.
Anna of Schweidnitz [Anna Świdnicka], bust in St Vitus Cathedral, Prague, c. 1370
Anna of Schweidnitz (b.1339), Queen of Bohemia and Holy Roman Empress, was Charles IV of Luxembourg’s third wife. Initially she was betrothed to his son, Wenceslaus, but the boy died while still very young. His mother, Charles’s second wife died too shortly afterwards. To secure the Schweidnitz succession Charles decided to marry his late son’s fiancee himself. Anna was raised and educated at the splendid court of Queen Elizabeth of Poland (her late father’s aunt) at Buda, where she was sent by her uncle and official guardian, Duke Bolko II the Small. It was there where she and Charles were married in the closing days of May 1353. Shortly afterwards the newlyweds returned to Prague and paid a visit to Schweidnitz, where the succession treaty was signed according to which the duchy was to be inherited by Anna and her children by Charles upon the death of her uncle Bolko and his wife Agnes of Habsburg. On 28 July 1353, Anna was crowned Queen of Bohemia and the following year, on 9 February 1354, Queen of Germany. The year 1355 saw the royal couple in Italy, where on Easter Sunday (5 April 1355) they were crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Holy Roman Empress in a splendid ceremony in the Basilica of Saint Peter, Rome.
Anna and Charles’s first child, a daughter, Elizabeth, was born in 1358. Charles was overjoyed, but Anna felt she failed her husband (which we know thanks to her surviving correspondence with Petrarch). A much awaited son and heir arrived three years later, named Wenceslaus, traditional name of the rulers of Bohemia. He was to become Charles’ beloved and favoured child. Anna died on 11 July 1362, in childbirth, aged 23. The child did not survive, either, and they were buried together in St Vitus Cathedral, Prague. Anna was remembered for her personal charm and sweet nature. Not only did she receive a bluestocking education, but she was also considered one of the style icons of her time, her reputation as a great beauty resting on the surviving images created during her lifetime and shortly after her untimely death. Tradition has it that of Charles’ four wives it was Anna he loved most. Stricken with grief upon her passing, he did not remarry until a political situation forced him to. His fourth wife was Anna’s kin, Elizabeth of Pomerania, also great-granddaughter of King Ladislaus the Elbow-High.
Elizabeth of Pomerania (Eliška Pomořanská, Elżbieta Pomorska)
Reliquary Shrine of Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary, Maria and Jadwiga’s paternal grandmother, attributed to Jean de Touyl, ca. 1350 . Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Elizabeth was a daughter of Duke Bogusław the Great of Pomerania and Princess Elżbieta of Poland. In 1362 her maternal grandfather, King Casimir the Great of Poland together with his nephew, Louis the Great of Hungary, dukes of Austria and Bavaria formed a coalition against Charles IV of Luxembourg. The opposing parties found themselves on the verge of war, which did not break out, however, perhaps due to Anne of Schweidnitz’s untimely death. The rulers came to terms instead and a marriage was forged to consolidate their agreement. Charles was to marry Elizabeth. He was thrice her age, shorter than her and not very attractive. She was described as beautiful, full of life, and as fit as a fiddle. Stories had it that she could break horseshoes with her own hands. She was an avid horse rider and hunter.
The wedding ceremony was celebrated in Kraków on 21 May 1363. Afterwards the couple travelled together to Prague where Elizabeth was crowned Queen of Bohemia. Five years later her imperial coronation at Rome followed. Despite the age difference she and Charles got along well, being married for fifteen years. Their union produced six children, four of whom were to reach adulthood. Charles and Elizabeth’s eldest child, a daughter Anne, was to marry Richard II and become Queen Consort of England. Their son, Sigismund was to be crowned King of Bohemia, Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. Charles IV died in 1378. Elizabeth herself was to outlive her husband for fifteen years. She died in 1393 and like his three wives before her, she was buried in St Vitus Cathedral, Prague.
Mária [Mary] of Anjou, King of Hungary
The coats of arms of Hungary and Poland, c. 1340. Treasury of Aachen Cathedral, Germany
Mary was one of the three daughters of Louis the Great of Hungary and his second wife, Elizabeth of Bosnia. In 1379, Mary’s elder sister Catherine died, leaving her and her sister Jadwiga Louis’s sole surviving children. The matter of Polish succession had been on the agenda long before Mary was born. Upon King Casimir the Great’s death in 1370 his nephew, Mary’s father, Louis was crowned king of Poland. Initially it was Mary, who was to succeed him as the king of Poland, but the events took a different turn, and in the end she was replaced by her younger sister, Jadwiga [Hedwig].
Mary was crowned “king” of Hungary on 17 September 1382, seven days after her father’s death. However, the idea of a female monarch was not popular among the Hungarian nobility. Many nobles considered Charles III of Naples, Mary’s distant cousin, the lawful heir.
Charles landed in Dalmatia in September 1385. In October Mary was married to Sigismund of Luxembourg, however, this could not prevent Charles from entering the capital. Mary was forced to renounce the throne and Charles’s coronation took place on 31 December 1385. He did not rule for long. Two months later, in February 1386, he was murdered, most probably at the instigation of Mary’s mother. Mary was restored, but in July she and her mother were captured by the dead king’s supporters. Famed for her beauty, but not for her political decisions, Mary’s mother met a violent end. After imprisonment by her opponents in Novigrad castle, she was found guilty of the murder of Charles III of Naples and strangled to death before her daughter’s own eyes, her body put on display, hanging on a rope from the castle walls. Mary survived and was rescued by her husband, Sigismund, who was crowned king of Hungary afterwards. Mary officially remained his co-ruler, but had no real influence on the government. She died on 17 May 1395 after falling from a horse during a hunting accident. She was pregnant at the time. Her prematurely born son did not survive either.
Jadwiga [Hedwig] of Anjou, king and patron saint of Poland
Jadwiga and Maria, their mother and their sister Catherine as depicted on the St Simeon’s casket, Zadar, Croatia
Mary’s younger sister, Hedwig was born on 18 February 1374, being the youngest of the three daughters of Louis the Great of Hungary and Elizabeth of Bosnia.
Both Mary and Jadwiga received a bluestocking education, Jadwiga both at the cultivated court of Hungary and in Vienna, at the court of her future father-in-law. Not only could Jadwiga read and write, but she also spoke fluent Latin and German. As the king of Poland she owned a big library and always showed an active and generous support of scholars and learning institutions.
Since Polish nobles did not like the idea of Mary’s consort, Sigismund of Bohemia, becoming de facto their king, they appealed to Elizabeth of Bosnia, the dowager queen, who had assumed regency, asking to send the younger of her two surviving daughters to Kraków. Elizabeth agreed and absolved the Polish nobles from the oath of loyalty they had pledged to Mary.
Jadwiga’s coronation took place on 16 October 1384 in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, where she was crowned ”king” of Poland. On 18 January 1385 the Lithuanian delegation came to the capital and a meeting was held with the representatives of the Polish nobility. Jadwiga was to marry the ruler of pagan Lithuania, Jogaila. In the opening days of 1386, Jadwiga publicly called off her engagement to Wilhelm Habsburg and married newly baptised Jogaila, who was to come down in history under his new name, Władysław Jagiełło [Ladislaus Jagiellon]. At the time of their wedding she was twelve, he was thirty-five. Władyslaw was crowned king on 4 March 1386.
Despite her young age Jadwiga continued to play an active role in the administration and politics of her realm. She conducted the negotiations with the knights of the Teutonic Order, but also on the Hungarian front. Jadwiga conferred with her sister Mary on numerous occasions. Their meetings were held both in Hungary and in Lesser Poland. She also intervened in Lithuania, where she peacefully resolved dynastic disputes between the ruling fractions.
Jadwiga’s tomb effigy from 1902 by Antoni Madeyski, Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland. The queen’s earthly remains were transferred here from her original resting place at the high altar in 1949 and stayed here till 1987. Then they were transferred to the altar with the Black Crucifix
She was famed for her charity and showing great care to the poor and the ill. Her active and generous support of scholars and learning institutions did not waver over the years. In her last will she donated all her jewelry, her rich dresses and other valuable objects to the Kraków Academy (the first Polish university founded by Kazimierz Wielki), now the Jagiellonian University. Additionally, she founded a dormitory for Polish students at the University of Prague.
Jadwiga died from complications in childbirth on 17 July 1399. She was twenty-five at the time. Her daughter did not survive, either. Almost immediately after her death, Jadwiga’s tomb became the focus of miracles and the destination of pilgrimages. Her cult flourished, with her canonization first mentioned during the funeral ceremony. However, it was to take seven centuries before she was actually canonised by Pope John Paul II. Ever since she has been recognised as patron saint of Poland and considered Polish national hero.
About the author:
Katarzyna Ogrodnik-Fujcik specializes in British literature and history, her area of expertise being the first Plantagenets (the Angevins). She lives in Poland. She writes for different magazines and websites on Polish and European Middle Ages. She runs a blog dedicated to Henry the Young King. She consulted a BBC documentary on William Marshal.
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History... the interesting bits! 