History… the interesting bits!

Today it is an absolute pleasure to welcome fellow historian Julia A. Hickey to History… the Interesting Bits. I have been following Julia’s work for many years and regularly turn to her blog, The History Jar, for information and inspiration for my own work. And, apparently, Julia does the same with History… the Interesting Bits, so we’re forming a bit of a mutual appreciation society. Julia’s latest book focuses on the Wars of the Roses and, in particular, the wife and daughters of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known to history as ‘The Kingmaker.’ And here she is to give us a little taster of her book, The Kingmaker’s Women, Anne Beauchamp and Her Daughters, Isabel and Anne Neville by Julia A Hickey.

So, it’s over to Julia…

The Kingmaker’s Women, Anne Beauchamp and Her Daughters, Isabel and Anne Neville.

Julia A. Hickey

Isabel and Anne Neville led brief but turbulent lives. Their father, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick by right of his wife, Anne Beauchamp, was at the heart of the conflicts of the mid-fifteenth century, earning himself the name ‘Warwick the Kingmaker’. Countess Anne and her children were chronicled, on occasion, alongside the earl in his long-played political game spanning more than twenty years, concluding only with his death on a foggy Easter morning at Barnet in 1471. It is impossible to write about their lives without setting them in the context of the War of the Roses and the earl’s influence upon it.

Anne Beauchamp, descended from King Edward III, the Despensers and the Mortimers as well as the earls of Warwick, was married to Richard Neville in 1434 at Abergavenny when she was 8 years-old and her husband was only 6. The union was subsidiary to the wedding of their siblings Henry Beauchamp, the 13th Earl of Warwick’s heir, and Cecily Neville which was celebrated at the same time. There was no reason to expect that the marriage would transform Richard, who was heir to his father Richard Neville and his mother, Alice Montacute, the heiress of the Earl of Salisbury, into one of the most powerful nobles of the fifteenth century.

It was Anne’s unexpected inheritance of the earldom of Warwick and all its estates upon the death of her brother in 1446 followed by her young niece, named after her, in 1449 that transformed the couple’s fortunes. Anne, who had three elder half-sisters from the 13th earl’s first marriage to Elizabeth de Berkeley, was the only full-blooded relation of the 15th countess. The law, viewing the deceased countess’s collateral heirs, saw only that Anne was more closely related to her niece than the other women. Inheritance was not awarded based on direct descent from Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick who had been outlived by both his son and his granddaughter. The decision triggered a legal dispute and a feud with the families of Anne Beauchamp’s half-sisters which resonated throughout the conflict between York and Lancaster. As daughters of the 13th earl, Margaret, Eleanor and Elizabeth expected to be coheiresses to the earldom alongside their younger half-sibling. Margaret’s husband, John Talbot, contended that as the husband of the 13th earl’s eldest daughter, it was he rather than Richard Neville who should become the 16th Earl of Warwick by right marriage (jure uxoris).

The new countess travelled with her husband, oversaw the management of their estates in his absence, was party to his schemes and subject to the State’s wrath after his death. One of the consequences of the lived experience of the countess and her daughters was that they did not leave the kind of documentary trail that would help to shine a light upon their lives in present times. It was only when medieval women became widows in receipt of dower and jointure rights that they gained legal independence and a voice in the official record. Isabel, born in 1451, and Anne, born in 1456, grew up, lived and died largely unheralded in a masculine world, or so it appears at first glance. Dig deeper and the echo of women with voices demanding to be heard, including Countess Anne, can be found in court records, financial accounts, charters and wills; books commissioned by wealthy well-educated women like the Nevilles and Beauchamps; as well as the establishment of chantries and the building of parish churches throughout the realm.

Isabel Neville, who died when she was 25, was married, in secret at Calais, to King Edward IV’s brother George, Duke of Clarence in 1469. Her father was eager to link the Neville name with that of Plantagenet. Clarence was desirous of the match because Isabel was the elder daughter of one of England’s most powerful men and an heiress to vast estates. There was also a distinct possibility that Warwick would topple Edward from the throne as the relationship between the men deteriorated and place Clarence upon it in his brother’s stead. Circumstantial evidence demonstrates that Isabel was beloved by George who was only a year older than his bride. Unlike the king, Clarence had no known mistresses or illegitimate children. No one can know how Isabel felt about her husband; her experience as a fugitive in 1470, forced to give birth onboard ship to a still born child outside Calais; or the turning of her husband’s coat that September when he re-joined his brother’s cause. It had become clear that Warwick was less interested in making him king than Clarence might have previously supposed. Nor is it possible to know what the relationship between the two sisters was like when Anne Neville was placed in George’s custody in 1471 or even if Isabel supported George’s attempt to prevent the division of her parents’ estates. It is certainly true that Clarence was grief-stricken by his wife’s death and he was permitted, as he desired, to be interred next to Isabel at Tewkesbury following his own execution for treason in 1478.

The idea of heiress as powerless trophy is a trope embedded into our common view of Anne Neville, thanks to Shakespeare’s portrayal of her in Richard III as a pawn furthering her father’s ambitions. She has also served since Tudor times as a sickly cypher to illustrate Richard’s manifest evil. The story, told by Shakespeare, is based on Sir Thomas More’s History of King Richard III. In reality, Anne’s life was an example of the changeability of fortune depicted by the popular medieval philosophy of Fortuna’s wheel. History does not know if she was a woman of courage or shrewd intelligence in the way the Lady Margaret Beaufort is recognised, but John Rous who knew Anne described her as ‘amiable and beauteous and in conditions full commendable and right virtuous’. Whatever her health might have been, she was made of the same stern stuff as Henry Tudor’s mother to whom she was distantly related. Anne endured a sea battle when her father was forced to flee England in 1470; was married to Edward of Lancaster, the son of her father’s bitterest enemy; made a forced march with the Lancastrian army from the south of England to Tewkesbury in 1471; was widowed after five months of marriage; and escaped the clutches of her land-hungry brother-in-law. She preferred to risk the criminals of St Martin’s sanctuary near Westminster so that she could make a second marriage to Richard, Duke of Gloucester who would fight for her inheritance and see her returned to her own rightful position in society.

Anne’s marriage to Richard was unusual for a couple of their rank in that no dowry could be agreed for her because, by then, the estates associated with the Nevilles and the Earldom of Warwick lay within the king’s gift. The legal rights of Anne’s mother, the suo jure Countess of Warwick, were stolen from her by King Edward IV and Parliament through the simple expedient of having Anne Beauchamp declared legally dead. The countess’s letters written from sanctuary at Beaulieu following her husband’s death demanding her legal rights remain as testimony to both her own education and the potential power of aristocratic women to intervene in political decision making. The effectiveness of her correspondence to the highborn men and women who surrounded the king is best illustrated by Edward IV’s orders that she should be prevented from the continuation of her writing.

Had King Edward IV not died in 1483 while his eldest son was still a child, Anne Neville might have spent the remainder of her days overseeing her household and servants at Middleham as the Duchess of Gloucester. Hers would have been a story of estate management, a piety shared with her spouse, and the trials of childbirth.

Fortuna’s wheel carried Anne to the apex of society when her husband was declared King Richard III on 25 June 1483. As queen she chose to surround herself with Neville kinswomen familiar since childhood, including her own illegitimate half-sister, Margaret Huddleston who was married to the Lord of Millom. Fate continued its abrupt revolution. The loss of her only son, Edward of Middleham, followed hard on the heels of a double coronation and triumphant progress to York. It was not long before Anne became so unwell that her doctors prohibited the king from sharing her bed. As winter turned into spring in March 1485, Anne died and was buried in Westminster Abbey, leaving behind only rumour, speculation and rebellion. Five months later Richard was dead at Bosworth, buried with scant regard for ceremony, leaving Anne to be characterised as a victim rather than a woman born with a powerful name and the potential of political agency.

Even more extraordinary, the circumstances surrounding the end of Isabel and Anne Neville’s lives were both followed by accusations of murder and witchcraft. Clarence, to modern eyes at least, maddened with grief following the untimely death of Isabel in December 1476, accused one of his wife’s own household of murder. Ankarette Twynyho, possibly a trusted midwife, was shoehorned by the duke into an evolving stereotype of a witch. Clarence had no hesitation either in kidnapping the woman or having her judicially murdered. Later, the Tudor propaganda machine, whatever the truth of the matter, vilified Richard III as the murderer of his nephews, a poisoner and a man of such diabolical intensity that he terrified Anne into an early grave.

Countess Anne lived on after her daughters. Consigned to the footnotes or forgotten by history, the suo jure Countess of Warwick, declared legally dead in 1474, refused to be stripped of her voice or her rights. She may have commissioned The Pageants of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick and the Rous Roll that depict the lives of the Earls of Warwick, the countess, and Isabel and Anne. There was no such thing as a bad Earl of Warwick in her opinion. She knew that her power and that of her daughters lay in the land that they represented, in their kinship networks and the men they slept with.

A pragmatist and survivor, Countess Anne negotiated her return to legal life with the accession of the Tudors on the condition that she broke the entail that lay upon her estates and gifted then to Henry VII. When she died in 1492, she was buried next to her husband in Bisham Abbey. She left Isabel’s surviving children, Margaret and Edward, nothing, apart from a Plantagenet legacy that would see Edward, the 17th Earl of Warwick, executed for treason in 1499 and, Margaret Pole, suo jure Countess of Salisbury, butchered by an inept headsman in 1541.

Medieval chroniclers and the focus of history’s lens marginalises women like Countess Anne and her daughters by imposing a distinction between the masculine public and the feminine domestic spheres. The messy reality is that the countess and her daughters, and women like them, lived complex and sometimes contentious lives, risking everything to protect their family’s interests.

To Buy the Book

The Kingmaker’s Women, Anne Beauchamp and Her Daughters, Isabel and Anne Neville by Julia A Hickey, published by Pen and Sword is currently priced at £20.00. It is available direct from Pen and Sword as well as from Amazon and Waterstones. It is the third of Julia’s books to be published by Pen and Sword. The Son that Elizabeth I Never Had: The Adventurous Life of Robert Dudley explores the life of the Earl of Leicester’s illegitimate son while Medieval Royal Mistresses: Mischievous Women who Slept with Kings and Princes takes an overview of the women who shared the beds of some of England and Scotland’s rulers.

About the author

Julia Hickey describes herself as a general historian but is often drawn back to the Wars of the Roses and the Tudor period. Her interest in history began at an early age when she lived near Plymouth and her father recounted the story of Sir Francis Drake playing bowls before setting sail to vanquish the Armada. She has a particular passion for the reivers who operated in the borders between England and Scotland before James I ascended the throne in 1603 not only because riding names such as Armstrong and Musgrave resonate in her husband’s family tree but because a glimpse may be caught of ordinary men and women in ballads of the period. Little known or untold stories, the contribution made by women and the lives of people who populate the footnotes of History fascinate her. She is at her happiest exploring and photographing castles, ruins, cathedrals and stately homes – preferably followed by a visit to a café.

Her first degree was in English and History from the University of Kent which she followed up with an M.A. by research and teaching qualification. Since then, she has taught in a range of settings from secondary schools to venues used by the Workers Educational Association (WEA). These days she is a freelance speaker, writer and blogger at thehistoryjar.com. She can also be found at https://www.instagram.com/thehistoryjar/ and https://www.facebook.com/TheHistoryJar.

When she’s not writing, she can be found in her garden, enjoying the Peak District in all its seasons or crafting. Almost inevitably her interests take a historical turn. This year she has taken part in the Unstitched Coif, a co-created artwork and research project undertaken by a PHD student at Sheffield in association with the V & A Museum, using blackwork embroidery to stitch a previously unworked seventeenth century design.

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Out now: King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye

In a time when men fought and women stayed home, Nicholaa de la Haye held Lincoln Castle against all-comers, gaining prominence in the First Baron’s War, the civil war that followed the sealing of Magna Carta in 1215. A truly remarkable lady, Nicholaa was the first woman to be appointed sheriff in her own right. Her strength and tenacity saved England at one of the lowest points in its history. Nicholaa de la Haye is one woman in English history whose story needs to be told…

King John’s Right-Hand Lady: The Story of Nicholaa de la Haye is now available from Pen & Sword Books, bookshop.org and Amazon.

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On the one side is Empress Matilda, or Maud. The sole surviving legitimate child of Henry I, she is fighting for her birthright and that of her children. On the other side is her cousin, Queen Matilda, supporting her husband, King Stephen, and fighting to see her own son inherit the English crown. Both women are granddaughters of St Margaret, Queen of Scotland and descendants of Alfred the Great of Wessex. Women of the Anarchy demonstrates how these women, unable to wield a sword, were prime movers in this time of conflict and lawlessness. It show how their strengths, weaknesses, and personal ambitions swung the fortunes of war one way – and then the other.

Available for pre-order from Amberley Publishing and Amazon UK.

Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly:

Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, of the successes and failures of one of the most powerful families in England, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Defenders of the Norman Crown: Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey is now available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, and  Bookshop.org.

Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword,  Amazon, and Bookshop.org.

Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, and Bookshop.org.

Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon,  Amberley Publishing, and Bookshop.org.

Alternate Endings: An anthology of historical fiction short stories including Long Live the King… which is my take what might have happened had King John not died in October 1216. Available in paperback and kindle from Amazon.

Podcast:

Have a listen to the A Slice of Medieval podcast, which I co-host with Historical fiction novelist Derek Birks. Derek and I welcome guests, such as Bernard Cornwell, and discuss a wide range of topics in medieval history, from significant events to the personalities involved.

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